The Career Development Of Nurses Essay - 943 Words

The demand for shorter hospital stays, quicker healing, and more advanced care highlights the need of highly skilled nurses. From the time of graduation, nurses begin work in the clinical setting and continually attain insight and knowledge to become a more seasoned nurse. Patricia Benner focuses on the career development of nurses through her novice to expert theory. Patricia Benner, R.N., Ph.D., FAAN, FRCN, has been published many times and is most famous for her book From Novice to Expert: Excellence and Power in Nursing Practice. She’s a professor in the Department of Physiological Nursing at the University of California in San Francisco and was inducted into the American Academy of Nursing in 1985. She has received many awards and honors including the National League for Nursing’s Linda Richards Award and many others. Her years of experience and work with the Dreyfus Model of Skill Acquisition led to the development of the novice to expert model (Raile Alligood, 2014). Benner’s theory encompasses the idea that nurses pass through five levels of proficiency: novice, advanced beginner, competent, proficient, and expert Application of the Theory Patricia Benner’s nursing theory is significant because it distinguishes among the different stages in a nurse’s career. Nursing is not one size fits all. Nurses become more confident with their skills, as they progress through the stages, because they have acquired experience, through various situations andShow MoreRelatedA Look At The Career Progression For The Nursing Profession1307 Words   |  6 PagesPatricia Benner has been crucial in setting a stage to standardize education and career progression for the nursing profession. The nursing care practice has been changing exponentially since the development of the theory From Novice to Expert. It has enabled facilities across the nation to achieve a higher level of patient care due to its ability to identify the needs of each of the stages of a professional nurse’s career progression. Theory A theory encompasses a cluster of conceptsRead MoreMy Nursing Philosophy : My Philosophy Of Nursing Practice1074 Words   |  5 Pagesplan Career development is recognised as the realisation of personal goals and interests in one’s career (Kuijpers, Schyns Scheerens 2006). Thus, planning for my career direction, setting goals and knowing myself are critical for a successful career development. My career direction is set to be a clinical research nurse. Through Strength, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) assessment (Table 1), I have gained an overview of my capacity and weakness that could impact on my career developmentRead MoreThe Career As A Professional Registered Nurse941 Words   |  4 Pagessuccess as a professional Registered Nurse (RN) requires hard work, compassion and empathy. It is important to realize the journey is challenging, but is fulfilling. The registered nurse profession was established in the 1800s. For over two hundred years a registered nurse has helped those in need. The responsibilities of nurses is to educate their patients on many types of diseases as well as provide guidan ce to patients and their loved ones. It is important for nurses to express compassion, emotionalRead MoreProfessional Roles And Development Plan1206 Words   |  5 PagesRoles and Development Plan The nursing workforce plays an essential role in our health care system and the role of nursing is evolving due to shortage of nurses, new emerging technology within the healthcare system and the needs to provide quality of care in the most cost effective ways. The focus of this paper is to analyze the roles and the required skills of the baccalaureate prepared nurse in the 21st century healthcare system. In addition, I will also describe my career development plan for personalRead MoreHealthcare Smart Goals1309 Words   |  5 Pagesprofessional development through mentoring programs for career development, professional growth, increase of morale, and quality within my nursing career by the end of one year. The second goal is to apply the principles of effective organization involving use of information, focus on patient care giving, and design clinical care giving in an organizational chart to achieve organizational planning and evaluation as all levels. Leadership Development Goal The leadership development goal is to assistRead MorePriorities For Transforming Nursing Leadership890 Words   |  4 PagesPriorities for Transforming Nursing Leadership Nurses as Leaders in Healthcare Reform Since 2005, nursing has been ranked the most trustworthy profession. Nursing is more than providing care and comfort. In the 21st century, nurses have added client advocacy, educator and manager to the many faces of our profession. During the advancement of my career, I began to identify with the unique contributions that nurses make to organizational boards and committees. I remember my first Quality CouncilRead MoreEffective Organizational Support For Professional Advancement1279 Words   |  6 Pagesculture encouraging professional development and increasing opportunities for high-potential employees (Bolton Roy, 2004; Rothwell, 2010; Swan Moye, 2009). Transparent organizational support for professional advancement has the potential to boost morale and improve nursing retention (Coonan, 2005). Succession planning efforts at the nurse manager level provide staff nurses an opportunity to explore formal leadership roles, which in turn may help direct their career path (Brunero et. al., 2009).Read MoreProfessional Development Plan For Career Goals1693 Words   |  7 PagesProfessional development plans are important tools that serve various purposes. It serves as a reflective tool that the APN uses in asses sing and evaluating the path they are taking and the goals they want to achieve. Professional development plans are important tools used by advanced practice nurses to highlight the skills and knowledge attained through personal and professional growth. Whether an APN is looking to apply for a new job or advance in a particular position, a professional development planRead MoreGrowth And Development Analysis Of A Twenty One Year Old Single Male930 Words   |  4 PagesGrowth and development analysis of a thirty one year old single male. Living alone in an apartment with no children. The individual observed is a nurse in a long term care facility and attends St. Petersburg College. The thirty one year old male we will call John has divorced parents, both remarried and one older male sibling. John is single with various short lived relationships in his past. He is uncertain whether or not he wants children. He does want to get married in the future. He has troubleRead MoreProfessional Development Plan For An Advanced Practice Nurse Essay1136 Words   |  5 Pages Professional Development Plan Adetola Okutubo Walden University NURS 6001, Spring Qtr. 02/29-05/22-PT3, Foundations of Graduate Study April 3, 2016 Professional Development Plan In furtherance of a lifelong desire to become an advanced practice nurse, I herewith articulate my professional development plan (PDP) based on Walden University’s program of study (POS), in alignment with my personal and professional goals. I welcome this opportunity to begin the development of professional portfolio

Banning The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn written by...

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn written by Mark Twain might seem like a good book to have high school students read since it’s about a boy named Huckleberry Finn and his adventures through his life by dealing with the struggles that he has or when he finds a runaway slave, named Jim, who is on an island trying to stay hidden so he will not be sold as a slave. Throughout the novel the reader will see that Huck has an adventurous personality, comes to find out who is father is and tries to help Jim, the runaway slave, to live and hopefully see his family again. Also, there are people out there that might think Huck Finn may not be a good book to read and think that it should be banned from schools and libraries. The reason why people†¦show more content†¦Also, it was a liberal word that was used to describe African-Americans and Mark Twain was just using this word as to portray how the Southerners talked and wanted to maintain the reality of the book. Readers who rea d Huck Finn may find it hard to read due to the fact that Mark Twain uses the language of his time period as the language in the book and that involved using profanity and not showing lots of respect towards either the white Southerners or the black Southerners, that is why most people reading this will not be able to handle either the profanity or the reality of how people we treated in the South during the early 1800’s. A second thing that most people who read or have read this would probably think that this is a controversial book, but in fact it’s actually a classic, with real life events or situations. What some people do not realize is that Huck Finn uses profanity as so does the real world, but so does music and movies and if their trying to get books banned because it uses profanity then they should try to get music and movies banned too. Huck Finn is just a young boy living to survive and helping Jim along the way. He’s just living a most people back in the day and that is real life, there’s nothing controversial about that. Also, some people think while reading this book that Jim was a bad person and was influencing Huck while they were together when in reality Jim was a positive roleShow MoreRelatedHuckleberry Finn Should Be Banned Essay1603 Words   |  7 Pageshad problems with The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn shortly after being published. Huckleberry Finn was first published in January of 1885 and only two months later in March of 1885 the book was banned. The problem first with the book was it was too friendly toward African Americans and believed to lead children astray from certain values. Now over 100 years later â€Å"Huckleberry Finn is still making news† (Pitts). Now in the 21th century we have a problem with Huckleberry Finn not because of kindnessRead MoreRacism of Yesterday and Today Essay1655 Words   |  7 PagesThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was written by Mark Twain in the middle of the ni neteenth century. Much of the inspiration for the book came from Mark Twain’s own encounters. Twain’s experiences as a steamboat pilot from 1835 to 1845 provided a great deal of the historical context for his work. The novel revolves around a southern boy, Huck, and a slave named Jim who both reject society by running away in hopes of finding freedom. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn highlights and portrays theRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Samuel Langhorne Clemens1325 Words   |  6 PagesAlexis Timm Mrs. Mirosh 1st hour English 11 21 February 2017 To Read or Not To Read The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a novel published by Samuel Langhorne Clemens, better known by his pen name as Mark Twain, in 1884. The story is more than just a story however as many adults, parents, and educators believe that this book is unfit for a classroom setting. What they are unable or (unwilling) to see are the benefits of reading and analyzing this story. It allows students to understand historyRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn 1648 Words   |  7 PagesLola Parsapour Mr. Ruddy AP Lang 3 September 2015 The Value in the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, written by Mark Twain, developed into one of the most controversial books in America. The basis of this controversy can be summarized briefly for it was the use of racial slur and issues of slavery that caused tension in our society. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was banned for the first time one month after its publication. â€Å"â€Å"Not suitable for trash† was theRead MoreHuckleberry Finn Persuasive Essay1571 Words   |  7 Pagesthe lightning bug and lightning.†(Mark Twain). Mark Twain, the author of an extraordinary yet controversial novel; The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn had a great way of capturing moments in time and bringing them to life through the use of meaningful and direct diction. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn has been a vexed novel for it s a use of the â€Å"N-word†. However, many scholars and associations have devised a â€Å"solution† for this problem such as, completely banning the b ook, creating sanitized versionsRead MoreWhy Should Huck Finn Be Banned? Essay1485 Words   |  6 PagesWhy Should Huck Finn Be Banned? The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, a novel by Mark Twain, has been controversial since it hit the shelves on its release. The novel had ideals of racism, slavery, tricks, and societal wake up calls that was a smack in the face to readers. This novel has been fought now and again to be censored, or to be banned altogether from public high school reading lists. Huck Finn is a novel in which the reader doesn’t have to look very far below the surface to see the messageRead MoreThe Controversy Over Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn610 Words   |  3 PagesThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain is a controversial book that has raised heated debates across America for the past century. It was ranked fifth most challenging books out of one hundred in the 1990s (Chadwick 2). Although this book is a hot topic, it should remain on shelves, and still be taught in schools. While Huck Finn seems to be only a book of satire, most want this book banned because it is seen as highly racial. â€Å"The reading of Huck Finn is humiliating to back studentsRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Huckleberry Finn 1974 Words   |  8 PagesAccording to Carson-Newman College, a literary canon is a body of literature traditionally thought to be suitable for study. Based on this broad definition of the term literary canon, the reader is left wondering whether or not Huckleberry Finn deserves its place in our literary canon? Many people like Jane Smiley, are against it being part of our literary canon for multiple reasons. For example, she is against it because of the appearance of racism and the events throughout the book. However, despiteRead MoreAn Analysis of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn3099 Words   |  12 Pagesï » ¿HUCKLEBERRY FINN The adventures of Huckleberry Finn is one of the finest works of Mark Twain and probably the most controversial too. This is because it is by no means an ordinary story of Huckleberrys adventures; it is essentially a social commentary on the slavery and post civil war era in the United States. T. S. Eliot in 1950 acknowledged the book as,  ¦the only one of Mark Twains various books which can be called a masterpiece. I do not suggest that it is his only book of permanent interest;Read MoreThe Value Of Challenged Literature1389 Words   |  6 PagesAnderson - Speak and Chains). Banning books that teach important values and educate children on real world situations is only hurting them in the long run. For Huck Finn in Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain and Scout in To Kill A Mockingbird by Harper Lee, growing up in times of racial injustice allows readers to see the value of not ignoring history’s real world problems and how they are portrayed in controversial Ameri can literature. â€Å"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn†, one of most commonly banned

The Importance Of Playgrounds Education Essay Free Essays

The Special Care Center in Abu Dhabi, an commissioned organisation for Disabled Care and Rehabilitation, is seeking proposals from experient technology companies for the design of a resort area that should be appropriate for kids with assorted disablements. Therefore, the Alta Vista squad decided to transport on the undertaking and design an equal resort area for those kids. Keeping in head that similar jobs have been resolved and similar merchandises have been designed before, which means that we should happen out what is already known about the topic. We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance Of Playgrounds Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Thus, farther research on assorted facets of the job should be done as it will supply us with a better apprehension to the job and assist us develop the conceptual design. Furthermore, we will be discoursing the importance of resort areas for handicapped and normal kids and specifically how can playgrounds prepare kids for the remainder of their lives? The desire to play and bask games is a natural desire in all kids no affair how rich or hapless their households are or how much they can travel independently, hear, talk or see. This is supported by Wilson [ 1 ] ; â€Å" All kids and immature people need to play. The urge to play is unconditioned. Play is a biological and psychological and societal necessity, and is cardinal to the healthy development and good being of persons and communities. † Playing times are cherished and valuable for all ages non merely kids, as those memories are unforgettable. If you ask any grownup about a favourite drama memory from their childhood, they will non merely retrieve what they did but they will besides retrieve how they felt [ 1 ] . Well, it is every kid ‘s right to play and experience the equality. Furthermore, David Lloyd George [ 1 ] supported this by stating ; â€Å" The right to play is a childaa‚ ¬a„?s foremost claim on the community. Play is natureaa‚ ¬a„?s preparation for life. No community can conflict that right without making digesting injury to the heads and organic structures of its citizens. † We believe that the above information is valuable for our design undertaking as it highlights some of import points ; 1 ) the construction of the resort area should be interesting adequate and gratifying to be sketched in those kids ‘s memories. 2 ) The resort area should non be particular for handicapped kids merely but accessible for all kids, as this might impact their psychological position by experiencing alone and discriminated from others. The most obvious feature of resort areas is that they provide a interruption from the twenty-four hours ‘s modus operandi. Taking interruptions are considered indispensable for people of all ages and in all Fieldss as it helps increasing the productiveness and watchfulness of the encephalon. This was supported by the experimental research conducted by [ 2 ] , as the consequences found that callback is improved when acquisition is spaced instead than presented all at one time. Furthermore, physical activities in resort area where supported by [ 2, 3 ] to increase fittingness, better attitudes and support acquisition. Those activities do non merely back up instruction, but they besides support kids ‘s wellness ; by cut downing inaction which is associated with fleshiness, which causes wellness jobs such as high blood force per unit area and high cholesterin [ 2, 3 ] . Therefore, resort areas play an indispensable function on kids ‘s physical wellness, and physical wel lness plays an of import function in kids ‘s instruction. As a consequence, supplying particular physical activities that are suited for handicapped kids and accessible for normal kids should be considered while transporting out our design undertaking. The bulk of bing literature has focused on modifying or altering the equipments of resort areas to accommodate kids with particular demands [ 4 ] . However, this is non what is supposed to be done in order to implement inclusion in resort areas, because these discriminatory patterns will frequently do it hard for handicapped kids to fall in in [ 5 ] . What is truly meant by â€Å" Disabled Children † are those who experience favoritism on the land of their damage [ 5 ] . This is supported by [ 5 ] , the societal theoretical account attack developed by handicapped people in 1981, â€Å" Damage is what we have, Disability is what we experience. † Therefore, teacher mediated intercessions and thoughts for developing activities that do non necessitate important environmental alterations are required [ 4 ] . Furthermore, attending should be shifted to the methodological analysiss that might be used in the development of those kids ‘s societal accomplishments as most of those kids exhibit societal accomplishments shortages. Harmonizing to [ 4 ] , toys that promote societal interactions instead than lone drama should be provided, in order to further concerted interactions between kids in resort areas. Therefore, developmentally appropriate playthings and stuffs should be designed and chosen with attention, as to develop the utile accomplishments required to fix those kids for their maturity [ 4, 6 ] . Playgrounds initiate the development of two sorts of indispensable and needed accomplishments for handicapped kids [ 3, 7 ] ; 1 ) motor and physical accomplishments, which are helpful for their fittingness and wellness, 2 ) Soft accomplishments, are those which complement difficult accomplishments ( portion of a individual ‘s IQ ) . We can reason that these accomplishments are good for those kids ‘s instruction. Therefore, we should be able to cognize how to develop these accomplishments and through what sorts of games while carry oning ou r design undertaking? While playing in resort areas, kids do non recognize that they are constructing accomplishments and coordination while they are busy holding merriment [ 3 ] . Play affecting balls, running, starting bubbles, or edifice things are great methods to construct motor accomplishments. In fact, all verbs normally associated with childhood games, such as ; ascent, walk, kick, slide, skip, balance, pull, swing, crawl, and etc, besides go on to be activities that better physical motor accomplishments [ 3 ] . Some activities, mounting constructions and siting bikes, aid in edifice musculuss and increasing fittingness, which makes the pupils healthier and more active [ 3 ] . This is of import for the pupils in the Special Care Center, as handicapped kids do non merely have mental jobs but they besides suffer from physical jobs and need an chance to trip their musculuss and increase their motor accomplishments. Soft accomplishments help kids in constructing their character every bit good as defining and polishing their personalities for those coming grownup old ages [ 7 ] . Each and every game in a resort area has a intent and every game a kid plays in a resort area teaches him a lesson. We will be discoursing the most important and critical lessons that are tough by playing and better kids ‘s soft accomplishments. See-saws give the chance to interact with another kid and develop balance and coordination [ 3 ] . Climbing a slide for the first clip can be a great assurance builder and aid kids learn to take little hazards which increase their bravery [ 3 ] . This is besides depending on how friendly and swearing the environment is, as it gives the childs a opportunity to set themselves on the line a small spot. This teaches them that if they do a error, it is non the terminal of the universe [ 7 ] . Furthermore, resort areas can learn kids how to get by when things do non work out thei r manner, set ends, work toward a common end and keep their self-respect [ 7 ] . The critical portion of playing is larning that they can non ever reach what they want. There are regulations on the resort area, merely like there are regulations in the existent universe [ 7 ] . In order to acquire along or to win, childs have got to understand and stay by those regulations. Therefore, kids have to larn forbearance, how to allow out their defeat without harming themselves or others [ 7 ] . No 1 wins every clip, the resort area is non the lone topographic point to larn that but it provides an chance for it. Once kids learn it on the resort areas they can use it in other topographic points in their lives. They can reassign the accomplishments from the resort area to existent life. Children learn how to voyage through the development of societal and emotional accomplishments, which increases their job work outing accomplishments later in life [ 7 ] . Finally, the resort area offers kids different ways to happen themselves through test and mistake and this is how they learn and win in their hereafter lives [ 7 ] . It besides offers them with an opportunity to ramify out of their comfort zone, prove things out, and experiment with new wonts, behaviours and traits. It gives them a opportunity to take a deep breath and happen the bravery to plunge in and allow travel of errors [ 7 ] . When it comes down to it, it is non an issue of larning how to cover with failure but how to cover with success [ 7 ] . The resort area can assist disenable childs experience more confident about who they are, their abilities and what they are good at. So while carry oning our design we should stress on the importance of equality between the handicapped kids in the Special Care Center and normal kids. In decision, this background reading has provided the Alta Vista squad with important information that will help and back up the design undertaking. In order to hold a successful design, we should see the layout or the construction of the design, by doing it colourful and interesting plenty for kids to research. Furthermore, the construction or the design of the resort area should non be particular for disabled childs merely. The resort area should be accessible by both handicapped and normal kids. As playing together gets kids to concentrate more on what they have in common and less on their differences. When they have an environment that focuses more on their similarities, it is traveling to be more inclusive and respectful of single differences [ 7 ] . Furthermore, before planing each game in a resort area a list of what kids can larn or profit by playing in this game should be planned. In order to be able to supply all the necessary accomplishments required by those kids in their coming up hereafter and back up their instruction and success. How to cite The Importance Of Playgrounds Education Essay, Essay examples

Law Substantial Impact

Question: How law has a substantial impact on the manner? Explain. Answer: In the contemporary Australian corporate setting, the case of Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) v Healey Ors [2011] FCA 717 is arguably fundamental so far as the responsibilities and duties of directors of a company are concerned (Mohd-Sulaiman, 2013; Bonner, Hunt, and Watson-Dunne, 2014). Bonner et al. (2014) explicate that the decision in this case law has a substantial impact on the manner in which the statutorily defined duties and responsibilities of company directors are understood in the Australian context. According to Clarke and Dean (2014) the backdrop of this monumental corporate case law can be traced as back as October 2009 when the ASIC ("the Commission") initiated court proceeding against the entire board of Centro, both the executive and non-executive, for violating its duty in failing to notice a considerable error in the company's financial statements. Furthermore, the error in question also went uncorrected by both the internal and external a uditors of the company. Specifically, the Commission instituted legal proceeding against the whole Centro board of directors over the financial errors that were evident in the Group's 2007 financial statements (Solaiman, 2013). Solaiman (2013) elucidates that the financial error in question involved Centro improperly categorizing about Au$2 billion as short-term debt as opposed to long-term debt and further, failed to disclose particular guarantees appropriately as post-balance date events. In a nutshell, this multi-billion error was mainly as a result of a misinterpretation of a significant accounting standard provided for the presentation of short-term debt. Consequently, Centro's repayment obligations were considerably understated. Subsequently, the board of directors argued in their defense that they could not be faulted on the aforementioned financial error because they had relied on the information and advice presented to them by the organization's management as well as the auditors (Morgan and McLennan 2011; Nariman Mohd-Sulaiman 2013; Bonner et al. 2014). Thus, it was the position of the board of directors that since they had formulated and implemented all the reasonable measures that mitigate the possibility of accounting errors arising in the company, they had fulfilled their statutory obligation towards the company so far as the preparation and presentation of the financial statements were concerned. Nariman Mohd-Sulaiman (2013) adds that the directors also argued in their defense that the placing of the expectation that directors need to establish errors in the company's financial statements would impose on them an impossibly high burden. In his decision, Middleton J established that the entire board o f directors had acted negligently, thereby failing to take the degree of diligence and care that the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) ("the Act") requires of them (O'Leary, Boolaky and Copp 2013). Thus, the Court made a determination to the effect that the directors were negligent in the exercise of their powers and duties. Statutory Breaches in the Case In this case, the fundamental question that Commission brought to the attention of the Court for determination was whether the directors of large publicly listed companies are required to individually review the proposed financial statements and ensure that they are reasonably accurate before making the appropriate decisions, including their approval as proposed (Morgan and McLennan 2011). It is important to note that in this case, Commission's contention was that Centro's directors had breached various provisions of the Act when they unilaterally approved the consolidated 2007 financial statements of the Centro Group of Companies: Centro Retail Trust (CRT), Centro Property Trust (CPT), and Centro Properties Limited (CPL) (Lowry 2012 Hill 2012). According to the Commission, this conduct by Centro's board of directors amounted to a breach of several provisions of the Act. The Commission alleged that as a result of the directors' failure to take all the reasonable measures to ensure th at Centro entities complied with certain reporting obligations provided under ss. 295A, 296, 297 and 298 of the Act, they had manifestly violated s. 344(1) of the Act and consequently, liable for the appropriate penalties provided in the Act (Jacobson 2011). Furthermore, by the same conduct by the directors, Commission also claimed that the directors had breached ss. 180(1) as well as 601FD (3) of the Act. In brief, the Commission's position was that the conduct of the directors was explicitly in contravention of the aforementioned provisions of the Act. Essentially, the Commission argued that s.295A of the Act expressly provides that the declarations made by a company's directors concerning their organization's financial statements as stipulated under s.295 of the Act must always be informed by the declarations made by the Chief Financial Officer (CFO) or Chief Executive Officer in the form prescribed in the statute. However, Centro's directors did not adhere to this requirement of the law when they approved the 2007 Centro Group's consolidated financial statements. Moreover, s.296 requires that it is mandatory that all the financial reports must comply with the fundamental accounting standards that are in place, which incidentally includes the proper grouping of short-term and long-term debts. Nevertheless, in Centro's 2007 financial reporting, the company's financial statements mani festly flouted the fundamental accounting standard of categorizing the company's short-term and long-term debts. Thus, the Company breached s.296 of the Act and hence, making the directors liable for the contravention. Furthermore, the Commission invited the Court to take judicial notice that s.297 of the Act stipulates that the financial statements, as well as the accompanying notes generated by companies, need to provide a true and fair view concerning the entity's financial position and performance. In contrast, the error arising from the Centro's 2007 consolidated financial statement failed to meet this statutory threshold by offering a false and unfair view of the Group's financial position and performance. In fact, the consolidated financial statements provided a significantly understated repayment obligation on the part of the Centro Group of Companies. Further, the Commission urged the Court to take cognizance of s.298 of the Act which stipulates that it was mandatory for the directors to include certain information in their annual reports. However, Centro's directors failed to provide some of the specified information on their 2007 consolidated financial reports, thereby liable for penalti es as provided in the Act. Notwithstanding the preceding claims, the Commission also relied on Section 180(1) as well as Section 601FD (1)(b) of the Act to argue its case against the directors. The said Sections require a company's director and officer to exercise their powers and execute their duties with due consideration to some degree of diligence and care that a reasonable person would take if they were an officer or director of the company is such circumstances. The Analysis of the Court's Decision As mentioned earlier, the Court established that the directors had acted in a negligent manner when approving the 2007 consolidated financial statements and as a result, among other provisions, breached Sections 344 (1), 180(1), and 601FD(3) of the Act. The implication of the ratio decidendi manifested in this corporate case law is that despite the directors of a company acting in good faith and putting in place the appropriate accounting measures, it is incumbent upon them to always ensure that the company's financial statements are reasonably accurate. Therefore, on the premise of the rationale provided in this case law, it means that directors in Australia, including other jurisdictions, are liable for any error of omission or commission that arises from their reliance on expert advice even when there is sufficient evidence that demonstrates the reliance was done in good faith (Morgan and McLennan 2011; Nariman Mohd-Sulaiman 2013). Mohd-Sulaiman (2013) and Smith (2014) opine that the decision, in this case, acts as an important reminder to directors of companies that regardless as to whether they are executive or otherwise, they have to play an active role in the management of the affairs of the company, especially those that are fundamentally important to the enterprise, such as the financial statements. Incidentally, although many may argue that this case law establishes a new law regarding the duties and responsibilities of directors other than those contemplated under the Act, Walmsley and Puri (2011) contends otherwise. Walmsley and Puri (2011) assert that ratio decidendi of the Court's decision does not support the proposition the directors of a company are barred from relying on the opinion provided to them by experts. Instead, the rationale stands for the proposition that directors have an obligation to question such views in the context that it is questionable. In other words, this case promotes the legal concept that the directors of a company cannot be permitted to abrogate their statutory responsibility of being aware of particular activities of the company when executing their fundamental functions, for example, the making of declarations concerning the preparation of financial statements as provided under Section 295(4)(d) of the Act. In conclusion, this case law places upon the directors of companies the obligation to exercise reasonable care and diligence when seeking and taking into consideration the opinion that they receive from experts concerning the various crucial aspects of the company. Accordingly, before making a significant decision or declarations, directors are strongly advised to first subject expert opinion to adequate scrutiny before sanctioning the proposals contained in the particular opinion. Reference Bonner, G., Hunt, S. and Watson-Dunne, N., 2014. Interim Report into the Financial System Implications for boards. Governance Directions, 66(9), p.555. Clarke, F. and Dean, G., 2014. Corporate Collapse: Regulatory, Accounting and Ethical Failure. In Accounting and Regulation (pp. 9-29). New York,NY: Springer New York. Hill, J.G., 2012. Centro and the Monitoring BoardLegal Duties Versus Aspirational Ideals in Corporate Governance. University of New South Wales Law Journal, 35(1), pp.341-359. Jacobson, D. (2011). Centro (ASIC v Healey) case note: directors' duties for financial statements - Australian financial services law and credit law from Bright Law. [online] Australian financial services law and credit law from Bright Law. Available at: https://www.brightlaw.com.au/corporate-governance/centro-asic-v-healey-case-note-directors-duties-for-financial-statements/ [Accessed 23 May 2016]. Lowry, J., 2012. The Irreducible Core of the Duty of Care, Skill and Diligence of Company Directors: Australian Securities and Investments Commission v Healey. The Modern Law Review, 75(2), pp.249-260. Mohd-Sulaiman, A.N., 2013. Financial reporting failures, board's competency and effectiveness. International Journal of Disclosure and Governance, 10(2), pp.155-174. Morgan, J. and McLennan, M., 2011. Demanding duties: approving financial statements after Centro. Law Society Journal: the official journal of the Law Society of New South Wales, 49(9), p.56. Nariman Mohd-Sulaiman, A., 2013. But we had obtained professional/legal advice! The disclosure conundrum and directors' dilemma. Journal of Financial Crime, 20(3), pp.312-323. O'Leary, C., Boolaky, P. and Copp, R., 2013. The Negative Impact of Additional Legislation on Corporate Stewardship. Australian Accounting Review, 23(4), pp.357-368. Smith, K.J., 2014. Board Capital and Firm Growth-options: A study of their impact on Auditors' and Investors' assessments of board effectiveness, firm performance and risk (Doctoral dissertation, Griffith University). Solaiman, S.M., 2013. The landmark James Hardie Case in Australia: a wakeup call for non-executive directors. Walmsley, S. and Puri, R. (2011). The Centro decision - ASIC v Healey Ors [2011] FCA 717. [online] Jws.com.au. Available at: https://www.jws.com.au/en/legal-updates-archive/item/198-the-centro-decision-asic-v-healey-ors-2011-fca-717 [Accessed 23 May 2016].

Twitter and the hardships of life

The development of technology has drastically changed the world. As people are unable to calculate the rates of progress, it is impossible to determine what changes will be brought about with an even greater increase in technological advancements. The use of social networks has added to the hardships of life, as people endanger their personalities and reputations by their postings to the public. Twitter shows that sometimes, people make mistakes in their messages and are unable to control the outcome.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Twitter and the hardships of life specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The biggest question is that sometimes the problems overtake the benefits of technology. This closely relates to the social media and all the resulting problems. Primarily, there is the safety concern, as the information used in the social networks can be used by the advertisement websites. Even though there are safegu ards that try to prevent personal information from being shared with other institutions and sites, there are still some was that information gets out. â€Å"Twitter† has been one of the sited networks that is widely used by people. People add their posts as soon as they can. Another issue is that people who share information online cannot really control who can access their web page and browse their personal information. Many have compromised themselves in the workplace and home. This leads to many concerns, but people are still not aware of the security issues. The unfortunate part is that people do not pay attention to the growing problem and continue using the social networks. It has become so popular that individuals feel to be required to upgrade their social status and produce information that can be acknowledged by others. An aticle titled â€Å"How To: Recover from a Social Media PR Disaster† talks about people worrying about theit status and posts they have ma de. One of the poits made is that â€Å"It’s hard to tell the whole story in a post and it’s hard to talk to your entire audience in just one tweet† (Sniderman, 2011). This is very true, as people are unable to respond properly to posts and might not get the whole picture. Very often, people will succumb to the pressure and join the majority, as no one wants to be outside the circle and be seen as an outsider. This will result in unwanted comments. Even though there are several layers of security and people are warned about the harms of personal information leaking, organizations are the ones that are using the private information to own advantage.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The development of social networks and the use of internet have made communication between people a form of social status. People focus on the way their â€Å"Twitter† page looks, they pay great attention to the amount of pictures they post, number of responses that they receive to certain posts and comments about their status. The need to go out and do things became not needed. The interaction between people has come down to words on web pages and comments in relation to behavior of others. It is also cheaper and more practical to live in the word of computers, where there is no need to go out, spend money in bars, different attractions and games that involve physical participation of the person and others. Also, it is very time consuming, so people simply have no time to go out and enjoy nature and the company of others. The constant checking for the replies and posts of others, especially if there is an extreme amount of friends, takes up a lot of time. Very often people add individuals to the category of â€Å"friends† through other people. They do not really know the person or are familiar with their individual personality. The only wa y they â€Å"know† them, is by pictures on their page and comments on their â€Å"wall†. The social networks have put a major dent into the society. The private information and the communication itself has become a public occurrence where people put their lives out on the public viewing without any concern for security or privacy. Even though technology has helped people in a lot of ways, a person must realize its drawbacks and balance the use of technology with the physical interaction with others. The balance must be kept for technology to be helpful instead of detrimental. It is important to keep in mind that technology is not always error proof, thus reliability is a relative concept. There are many examples that show how technology has proven to be a negative influence on society, but people still continue its use. A major concern can be observed through the posts and the type pf shared information. This might endanger the security of the personal information and is one of the most important things that a person has. People must become aware of the growing problem and use as much care as possible to protect their well being and individuality. A person’s reputation is very hard to deserve but is rather easy to mar by a simple comment on the â€Å"wall†. Reference Sniderman, Z. (2011). How To: Recover from a Social Media PR Disaster.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Twitter and the hardships of life specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This essay on Twitter and the hardships of life was written and submitted by user Maritza Langley to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Especially vs. Specially

Especially vs. Specially Especially vs. Specially Especially vs. Specially By Ali Hale One of our readers recently asked if we could explain the difference between especially and specially. The words especial and special can be used almost interchangeably. They both mean something which was â€Å"out of the ordinary† or even â€Å"exceptional†. Merriam-Webster defines especial as meaning â€Å"being distinctive†: as a: directed toward a particular individual, group, or end [especial greetings to his son] [especial care to speak clearly] b: of special note or importance : unusually great or significant [especial relevance] c: highly distinctive or personal : peculiar [especial dislike for music] d: close, intimate [especial crony] e: specific, particular [especial destination in mind] The two words are synonyms, and often either is appropriate: My grandmother’s ninetieth birthday was an occasion of especial joy. My grandmother’s ninetieth birthday was an occasion of special joy. Both of these are correct, however, especial implies that something less good exists, whereas something special doesnt need to be compared against anything. Merrian-Webster explains the difference like this: â€Å"special stresses having a quality, character, identity, or use of its own . especial may add implications of preeminence or preference [especial importance] .† Note that special can be used as a noun, whereas especial cannot, in cases such as â€Å"It’s always worth checking the specials in the supermarket.† Especially or specially? When it comes to the adjectival forms, especially should always be used. It modifies a verb, adverb or adjective and means â€Å"particularly† or â€Å"exceptionally†: His train was running especially late that day. We were especially happy to see you. I put the cake especially high. Specially is becoming more common but still tends to sound rather informal, even a little child-like (â€Å"I drew this picture specially for you!†) There is a lot of debate around whether â€Å"specially† is appropriate in some cases, but if you want to be sure, stick with â€Å"especially†. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Grammar Test 1"Certified" and "Certificated"10 Tips to Improve Your Writing Skills

Should college dorms be separated between male and female Research Paper

Should college dorms be separated between male and female - Research Paper Example Promiscuity is another element which needs to be considered here, promiscuous men and women are ruining our society and the same can easily happen should men and women reside in the same dorm. Sexually transmitted diseases would spread should promiscuous men and women change partners on a regular basis and this would not be good for the others residing in the same dorm, there would be unrest and quarrel in the dorm should men and women reside in the same dorm. These are very valid points which need to be considered and these are very logical arguments too. There are positives also which must not be ignored; there are several advantages of sharing dorms. Men and women both live together in a society and staying together would certainly prepare them for the future and make them stronger emotionally. The real life experience that they would get by staying together would be second to none and they can learn a lot of things from each other but it can lead to a lot of quarrels also. It is important to consider the other side because every coin is two sided and it is highly unfair to ignore the other side. â€Å"Many students who live in coed dorms argue that its not that big of a deal. Dorm life is not one big college sex party. Male and female students have the same basic housing needs-- sleeping accommodations, a place to study, and companionship. Why separate people with the same needs? After all, students are adults.† (Coed Dorm Life) Having men around is always good as far as the safety of women is concerned but men also pose serious safety problems to women and many a time it becomes very difficult to handle aggressive males chasing women and this can be a very serious problem should men and women stay in the same dorm. â€Å"Coed dorms provide lots of dating opportunities. Unfortunately, dating someone in your dorm isnt necessarily a good idea. Its

The History of New Jerseys Musicians, Songwriters and Singers Research Paper

The History of New Jerseys Musicians, Songwriters and Singers - Research Paper Example New Jersey was the third state to join the union. Many of the leaders in that period were well educated and cultured men who embodied the values of the European countries from where their ancestors came. Dutch, Swedish and British settlers imprinted aspects of their culture on the early New Jersey landscape, and this accounts for its relatively fast move from a traditional farming economy to extensive industrialization and a focus on trade and shipping, and eventually railways as well. Church music was of course a staple of cultural life in the early days, but the situation as far as music is concerned in the new colonies was very different from that in Europe: â€Å"the great European musical tradition grew over the years in the sheltered environment of courts and cathedrals. American music, on the other hand, made its own way in the rougher area of musical entrepreneurship and amateur music making.†1 The so-called â€Å"middle colonies† of New York, Pennsylvania and N ew Jersey contained a mix of peoples, and so from the beginning there was British chamber music, Irish dance music, and Scandinavian square dancing based on Scandinavian traditional music with violins, all co-existing at the same time. New Jersey author and politician Francis Hopkinson (1737-1791) who took part in the creation of the American constitution was a very keen musician: â€Å"In the years before his premature death, by now a highly honoured national figure and Federal District Court Judge, he seemed most proud to proclaim himself ‘the first Native of the United States who has produced a Musical Composition.’ † 2 His compositions were a mix of concert pieces and sacred music, with... This paper stresses that New Jersey artists have been both successful and also very productive over a long period. We have seen how the the rich mix of different cultures arriving with successive waves of immigrants into in New Jersey has brought constant renewal. There is also evidence of the need for good business sense in an region prone to boom and bust economies. New Jersey artists like Frank Sinatra, Bruce Springsteen and Queen Latifah have brought their huge personalities into their work, and they combine an affection and respect for their humble origins with a worldly wisdom gained from decades of hard work and success in the business. It is hard to explain exactly why so many talented musicians have come from New Jersey. This report makes a conclusion that things are not always easy for working class families, and the struggle for success often involves avenues that are outside, or even in opposition to mainstream society. The combination of blue collar backgrounds and world-beating careers has we see in the artists mentioned above displays one feature that is often lacking in modern American music and that is authenticity. The talents of New Jersey shines through diversity, proving that flaws and setbacks in all our lives can be a force drives us on to achieve excellence. Each generation has taken the musical history of New Jersey and made it relevant to its own time, and in so doing they have topped the charts time after time with no sign that this fount of talent will ever stop.

Commuication at Diageo Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Commuication at Diageo - Case Study Example The details of the internal communication strategies by Diageo, as discussed in the case study, show that the all the different strategies implemented were mostly focused on the change management issues after the merger. One of the reasons for Diageo's internal communication to be successful is because both the upward and downward communication within the company is made easily possible (Ramgopal, 2008). The company's communication activities are in direct contact with strategies and plans; therefore Diageo sees every communication that is done is to achieve its business objectives. This is because even if all the top level management makes Diageo's business goals and objectives, it is the internal communication process that enables these goals to circulate within the organization (Armstrong, 2006). According to the case study, all the leaders in the company are encouraged to think of communication as a tool, which can play a role in achieving the company's goals. Another initiative in the communication process by Diageo, according to the case study, is the amount of information delivered to the employees. Employees at Diageo are informed about their role at the wider sense of the business. This helps in motivating the employee and once again implementing the concept of unification under the brand name. Another initiative in the internal communication process is the introductio... It has quarterly meetings through teleconferences and short period conferences. 12 top executives of Diageo participate in these meetings. In these meetings leadership community is the object of discussion and reform (Duncan, 2007). There are over 800 managers who are part of the leadership community at Diageo. At the leadership community they have introduced many new innovative ideas that can enhance the internal communication process at Diageo. These ideas include use of a new and imaginative buddy system - where all the top level managers and executives are teamed up with communications team. Each of them are assigned a ''buddy''; a communication guy. This can help in improving the communications skills of all those managers and executives. Then there is also the fortnightly update that is sent to the whole community (Robbins, 2009). That update is about all business developments and achievements, and is sent to the whole group by email, according to the case study. This helps in keeping all the leaders in the loop and once again imposing the brand building of the Diageo. This fortnightly update can also play a great role in the motivation of all the leadership community. Another tool to support the leadership community is through the company's own intranet. This is perhaps the most cost effective and simple way to keep the leadership community with over 800 members together and effectively in touch. According to the case study the intra net is password protected. Each member of the community have access to the information according to his or hers respective designation at Diageo (Clark, 2008). There are also many different activities at the leadership community;

Social Impact of Cybercrime

Social Impact of Cybercrime Cyber criminals take full advantage of the anonymity, secrecy and interconnectedness provided by the Internet, therefore attacking the very foundations of our modern information society. Cyber crime can involve botnets, computer viruses, cyber bullying, cyber stalking, cyber terrorism, cyber pornography, Denial of Service attacks, hacktivism, identity theft, malware and spam. Law enforcement officials have struggled to keep pace with cyber criminals, who cost the global economy billions annually. Police are attempting to use the same tools cyber criminals use to perpetrate crimes in an effort to prevent those crimes and bring the guilty parties to justice. This essay begins by defining cyber crime, and then moves to a discussion of its economic and social impacts. It continues with detailed excursions into cyber bullying and cyber pornography, two especially representative examples of cyber crime today, and concludes with a discussion of ways to curtail the spread of cyber crime. Computer-related misdeed designated days back to the sources of computing itself, though the larger connectivity between computers through the Internet has conveyed the notion of cyber misdeed into the public consciousness of our data humanity, where it continues at the start of the 21st century. In 1995, when the World Wide Web was in its very early phases of development, futurist Gene Stephens composed about the present and future truth of cyber misdeed then made some predictions: Billions of dollars in deficiency have currently been discovered. Billions more have gone undetected. Trillions will be thieved, most without detection, by the appearing expert lawless individual of the twenty-first 100 years the cyberspace offender (Stephens, 1995, p. 24). Reflecting on his propositions in a 2008 item, Stephens documented that he and other ones foresaw much of the cyber misdeed to come: I rightly outlook an blast of mobile telephone time robbery and telephone fraud; expanded cyber attacks and deception contrary to government and business; huge borrowing business card robbery and fraud; interior robbery of clients persona by financially laboring and/or hungry economic service employees; more cyber porn, cyber stalking, cyber harassment, and cyber vengeance; and the use of biometrics and encryption as procedures of defending facts and numbers in cyberspace (Stephens, 2008, p. 33). Media accounts since the 1990s have documented the numerous procedures by which lawless individuals have utilized the Internet to consign crimes. Cyber thieves have become accomplished at utilizing the anonymity and secrecy of the Internet to defraud their victims of their cash, their calm of brain and really even their lives. When victims let their guard down by muting a wholesome skepticism and caution, cyber misdeed takes place. As one FBI representative documented, The scammer endeavors to prey on victims who are kind of in melody with whats going on in the world. The con alterations, but finally theyre preying on the good will of people (quoted in Simmons, 2008). The Extent of Cyber Crime Law enforcement agents have labored to recognize, apprehend, and prosecute these tech-savvy lawbreakers, even as sociologists have searched to get to the origin of cyber crime. The U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) has dedicated cyber squads at each of its 56 area agencies over the US [that] support 70 cyber task forces nationwide, endorsed up by international understanding accumulating by its Internet Crime Complaint Centre (Heath, 2008). The area of cyber misdeed has generated the area of cyber criminology, characterized as the study of causation of misdeeds that happen in the cyberspace and its influence in the personal space (Jaishankar, 2007, p. 1). The scope of cyber misdeed continues really staggering, and it extends to grow. In 2007 solely, the U.S. finances lost $240 million to cyber misdeed (2007 Internet Crime Report, p. 1), up $40 million from 2006, though the genuine dollar allowance might be substantially higher because the report only followed situations described to regulation enforcement. According to one Internet security business, cyber misdeed is $200 billion commerce, rivaling the illegal markets for pharmaceutical trafficking and cash laundering (Swartz, 2008, par. 2). In Europe, almost one quarter of computer users in the European Union described that they had been victims of cyber misdeed (National Economies, 2008). As more and more persons have utilized the Internet to manage their buying, broadcasting, banking and account giving, they have become goals for cyber criminals. There are common-sense steps that can avert or decrease having ones borrowing business card data thieved online, as well as to bypass other scams and risks, but cyber misdeed in these localities perseveres mostly due to a need of buyer education. Some diversity of cyber misdeed, for example hacktivism, is ostensibly inspired by noble aims, for example dispute contrary to seen misuses by authorities and corporations. Often these attacks engage posting remarks on authorized government websites and are not inspired by a yearn for monetary gain. However, other types of cyber misdeed have a much more brutal intent. These encompass cyber stalking, cyber bullying and cyber terrorism. Cyber Crime the Society While the financial influence of cyber misdeed is after argument, rather less vigilance has been granted to the communal significances of cyber crime. Psychologists and psychiatrists can assist victims contend with the fallout from persona robbery, sexy misuse or economic wreck, while sociologists are well-positioned to gaze at the broader communal influences and interpretations of cyber crime. Cyber misdeed attacks the very bases of up to date, technological societies, compelled up as they are with the fast flow of computer facts and numbers helped by the Internet. At the most rudimentary grade, cyber lawless individuals often take benefit of technologically unsophisticated persons who nonetheless find themselves in a world where the Internet performances an progressively centered function in both groups and in personal lives. Cyber misdeed counts, at this grade, on the proficiency of those who are more technologically complicated to use that information to knack other ones into submitting crucial data, for example their bank account data or Social Security number. While it is likely in some positions for the casualty of cyber misdeed to refurbish thieved cash or even their individual online persona, the happening often departs the casualty traumatized and profoundly doubtful of the Internet and other trappings of up to date life. In this way the cyber lawless individual d eprives his or her casualty of numerous of the conveniences of todays data economy. Experts in cyber misdeed have documented that its influence happens on multiple levels. First, on a solely financial grade, cyber misdeed engages the robbery of millions, possibly even billions, of dollars every year. In supplement, cyber misdeed needs persons and organizations to take on the supplemented cost of security programs and other entails by which to block the cyber criminals. Cyber-bullying Cyber-bullying can best be recounted as the elongation of personal bullying in cyberspace. However, the one-by-one often is not bodily assaulted, but rather psychologically harassed. Perhaps not amazingly, cyber bullying most often takes location inside assemblies most probable to be attached to internet, in specific teenagers and other juvenile adults. According to a 2007 review by the Pew Internet American Life Project, 32 per hundred of American teens described being victims of cyber bullying (Lenhart, 2007). Cyber bullying is characterized as the undertaking by which an one-by-one or assembly of persons is aimed at for abusing, attack or intimidating notes dispatched through wireless telephones and other Web-connected devices. According to cyberspace professional Parry Aftab, Cyber-bullying is when one progeny or teen goals another for humiliation, humiliation, worry, blackmail. Something conceived to injure the other utilizing an interactive technology. Thats made a large-scale distinction because children have wise that they can use the internet as a weapon (quoted in Battling the online bullies, 2008). Sometimes cyber bullying extends and expands a battle or contradiction that takes location at school, a party or in some other communal situation. In the attitude of numerous victims and professionals, cyber bullying is poorer than in-person bullying because the perpetrators can conceal behind a cloak of anonymity supplied by the Internet. Two victims of cyber bullying expressed the harshness of the tactic: Its rougher over the internet because they dont have to glimpse your answer when they state those signify phrases to your face. So over the internet youre more probable to state the meanest likely things you can state, and then you dont even lament it, said cyber-bully casualty Abby. I would get notes on IM [Instant Messenger] and they would be youre actually mean or youre ugly, until I just couldnt take it any more, states Ralph who was furthermore a casualty of cyber-bullying (quoted in Battling the online bullies, 2008). A distracting elongation of cyber bullying happens when personal assaults, for example rapes, and are dispatched online. The aim is to display the power and command of the perpetrators over the casualty or victims, as well as to disgrace and humiliate them. A associated perform is announcing photographs, telephone figures and other individual data about the cyber bullying casualty on certain websites. The trauma sensed by victims of cyber bullying is very genuine, and it often exacerbates preexisting insecurities sensed by juvenile persons going through adolescence. There has been not less than one described example of a cyber bullying casualty committing suicide after pain unrelenting attacks (Pokin, 2007). Given the expansion of Web-enabled apparatus, parents, progeny supports, political leaders and regulation enforcement agents are unsure about how to decrease examples of cyber bullying. Some suggested answers encompass more parental engagement in their childs online undertakings, for example texting and instant messaging, while other ones propose that affirmative gaze force is the best long-run procedure for decreasing cyber bullying. Cyber-pornography Cyber-pornography mentions expressly to progeny pornography on the internet, usually engaging those less than 18 years of age. While enclosures in the United States and Europe have discovered mature individual pornography on the internet to drop inside lawful boundaries, there is a effectively agreed lawful, lesson, psychological and communal agreement that young children are not to be engaged in the international sex industry. Just as the increase of the internet helped a new and expansive kind of bullying, so too it has directed to a expansion of progeny pornography. Various websites have become repositories of related to sex explicit images of young children, where the pictures are acquired and traded (simons, 1998). There are clues that the increase of cyber pornography has directed to expanded examples of progeny misuse in the world (internet porn, 2004). Countries like Great Britain have been especially impacted: Childrens benevolent humanity nch previously nationwide childrens dwellings said there was clues that the 1,500% increase in progeny pornography situations since 1988 would be echoed in more young children being misused to make the pictures. the scale of the difficulty has altered after acknowledgement in just over a decade, said nchs internet advisor john Carr. The expanded demand has made progeny pornography into large-scale enterprise and the penalties for young children in all components of the world are horrifying (internet porn, 2004, par. 1-3). A newer pattern of cyber pornography on the internet engages online groups for example second life, where avatars, or three-dimensional representations of computer users, combine with one another in very shrewd online environments. Prosecutors have conveyed allegations contrary to persons in second life who acquired virtual sex with other second life users comprised as children. In some nations, for example Germany, virtual progeny pornography is illicit, while the regulation is much less clear in another location (johnston, 2007). Putting an End to Cyber Crime In his 1995 term paper, Gene Stephens suggested what one might call a conventionally libertarian way to battle cyber misdeed that aligns well with the open ethos of cyberspace: the only genuine assist isà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ conscience and individual standards, the conviction that robbery, fraud, and attack of privacy are easily unacceptable (quoted in Stephens, 2008, p. 2). Given the huge expansion of cyber misdeed even in the years since 1995, Stephens now sees things differently. Today he contends that halting cyber misdeed will count mostly on two factors: a more protected Internet infrastructure, redesigned with security foremost in mind; and coordinated, international policing of cyberspace to back up other security procedures for example biometrics. One proposition Stephens makes is for a more protected, second lifetime Internet: The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) set up the Internet and fostered its early development, but DARPA will probable overhaul its creation in the 2010s. Not only will the conclusion be much quicker and bigger capability usage, but furthermore, by effectively beginning over with the security facets in brain, the future Internet will be safer and tougher to strike and disable (Stephens, 2008, p. 3). Stephens furthermore contends that battling cyber misdeed engages undertaking a bigger and more basic issue: How can one policeman an locality, for example cyberspace, that very conspicuously no one individual owns and has jurisdiction over? The response, he contends, is voluntary, multinational policing, with the cost of malfunction being too large to ignore: The exponentially advancing capabilities of appearing Web technologies spotlights the long-ignored matters of who owns the World Wide Web, who organizes it, and who has jurisdiction over it. The response now is: Nobody! Can the worlds most mighty socio-politico-economic mesh extend to function nearly at random, open to all, and therefore be excessively susceptible to cyber criminals and terrorists alike? Yet any try to constraint or policeman internet can be anticipated to be contacted by farthest opposition from a plethora of users for a kind of causes, numerous contradictory. à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ Biometrics and more-advanced schemes of ID will require to be finalized to defend users and the network. In supplement, multinational cyber crime flats will be needed to apprehend those preying on users worldwide, as Web board riders in Arlington, Virginia, and Victoria, British Columbia, may be victims of cyber scams perpetrated in Cairo or Budapest. Coordination and collaboration will be keys to producing the Internet a safer location to journey and perform enterprise (Stephens, 2008, p. 3). There still appears to be work left to do. For demonstration, Interpol, which battles misdeed over nationwide boundaries, only has $102 million allowed for each year to battle cyber crime (Swartz, 2008). Can one be hopeful about the containment of cyber crime? If annals are any referee, the identical Internet expertise that empowers lawless individuals to flout the regulation can endow regulation enforcement to fight back the law. In the case of the telegraph, instanced previous, it was utilized to good result shortly after it was invented: After killing his mistress [in 1845] and escaping to London by train, [John] Tawells recount was telegraphed ahead by the policeman and he was apprehended upon his appearance (Standage, 1998: 51) (Wall, 2007, p. 2).

MP3 File Sharing Hurts America Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Essay

MP3 File Sharing Hurts America Before the present time of computers and various media player technology, trading music files on the internet was practically unheard of. Today MP3 music files have become file format that is widely â€Å"swapped† over the internet. The problem with trading MP3's is that it violates copyright laws. However, this hasn’t stopped the tens of millions of file sharing software users who continue swap MP3’s. MP3 piracy is a costly business for many companies, and the disadvantages outweigh the advantages of â€Å"P2P† file sharing. File sharing is a costly, illegal practice that hurts not only the consumers, but the artists as well. MP3 is a relatively new form of piracy, only being around for about ten years. The fact that the MP3 format takes up as little as one megabyte for a one minute clip, makes it an attractive storage factor for pirates. And with the CD-R and CD-RW drives, people can convert MP3 files to common CD format, burn to a CD, and play in any CD player, and be listening to a mix of their favorite songs within a half hour of downloading the song. With MP3 players becoming more and more popular options in cars, you can burn MP3 files directly to a CD without converting to a standard audio file and have over six hours of music on a single CD! â€Å"It is estimated that such illegal product costs the music industry more than 300 million dollars a year domestically.† This is why the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) is taking a strong stance against MP3 piracy. The damage done to the recording industry in lost profits, increased prices, and lost jobs is overwhelming. In an attempt to put a damper on file swapping, and recapture lost revenue the RIAA has been suing people ... ... released in January that surveyed 1,358 Internet users in late fall found the number of Americans downloading music dropped by half from six months earlier, with 17 million fewer people doing it nationwide. I find that to be an impressive figure. The damage done to the music industry as well as genuine consumers of the music industry is huge. Online pirates are costing the music industry millions and millions of dollars in lost revenue. The chances of these pirates being caught are constantly increasing. Even though the anti-piracy organizations have made considerable progress, their current anti-piracy methods will not completely stop online piracy. Until these organizations can increase copyright protection, and inform the uneducated pirates who believe their points are valid, they will be fighting an up hill battle, no matter how many lawsuits they file.

Сauses of the Protestant Reformation

The term â€Å"Protestant Reformation† is used to describe what was originally an effort to â€Å"reform† Western or Catholic Christianity (the term Catholic means â€Å"universal†) but ended up creating a separate tradition. Several stages can be identified as part of the Reformation, beginning with Martin Luther (1483-1546) in Germany then shifting to John Calvin (1509-1564) and Huldrrych Zwingli (1481-1531) in Switzerland (206). Reforming ideas later spread to England, leading to the Church of England (Anglican) breaking from Rome (1533) and the growth of many Protestant denominations, such as Methodist, Baptist and Congregational.Luther’s nailing of his 95 theses to the door of the Castle Church in Wittenburg in 1517 is widely considered as launching the Reformation but earlier people, ideas and movements contributed toward Luther’s actions. Political and religious factors both lie behind the Reformation. First, religious then political causes o f the Reformation are discussed below. Among several â€Å"forerunners† of the reformation was John Wycliffe (d. 1384), the English Bible translator and his disciple Jan Huss (1372-1415) of Bohemia. Earlier movements and attempts to reform the Church also lie behind the Reformation.Many wanted ordinary Christians to read the Bible for themselves and blurred the distinction between lay and ordained. One of the major emphases of the reformation was the â€Å"priesthood of all believers. † Direct access to the bible in vernacular languages, not in Latin which few lay people spoke or read, was regarded by Catholic priests as dangerous, by-passing their priestly role as mediators. Luther, an Augustinian monk and professor at Wittenburg, became convinced that the Church substituted itself for â€Å"faith†, acting as if â€Å"salvation† was a commodity that could be bought and sold, which the Pope did in the form of indulgences.Preoccupied with â€Å"justificat ion,† Luther determined that faith is God’s free gift; it cannot be earned by good works or bought from the church. He also criticized the wealth and political power of the Church. He renounced celibacy, arguing that the Christian life is a vocation that should be lived out in the world. Protestants rejected papal authority; gave priority to the bible, recognized two (as compared with seven) sacraments, baptism and communion (some jettisoned the concept of â€Å"sacrament†); gave communion in both kinds (as compared with only bread) and taught the priesthood of all believers.Behind these Protestant emphases was discontentment with a Church that was dominated by priests, practiced many traditions that could not be traced back to scripture and that was preoccupied with wealth and power at the expense of spirituality. Such practices as buying church offices (simony), clerical marriage or the keeping of mistresses as well as the sale of indulgences, all compromised t he Church’s moral and spiritual authority. Faith for Protestants usually involves a personal experience of renewal. You are not born a Christian but become Membership of a Church does not mean that you are necessarily a true believer.Invention of the printing press, too, made placing the Bible at the center possible because more and more people could now read the bible. Translation also facilitated this process. The above also had political implications. Much money went from countries such as the German states to Italy to pay for building churches or to maintain the lavish lifestyle of popes and bishops in Rome. Earlier, during what was called the investiture controversy of the 11th and 12th centuries, the Pope had vied with kings and princes over who had the right to appoint church officers, with the Pope claiming that only he had the right to do so.In fact, there was also historical tension between the Pope’s claim to be the ultimate temporal as well as spiritual aut hority and kings who saw themselves as ruling directly under divine authority with no need for papal approval. Following Luther’s denunciation of indulgences and of other beliefs and practices, several German princes supported his new movement, asserting that they had the right to choose which version of Christianity would be the â€Å"church† within their state.Effectively, this was what Henry VIII did when he declared that the Church of England was independent from Rome, that it was the established church of his realm. Henry became head of the Church of England. In theory, the Popes saw the Church as â€Å"above† the state, since they legitimized kingly succession. In Protestantism, the Church tends to be regarded as â€Å"under† the state, or as a partner in running the state. Luther and other reformers were in part successful because they had the support of political leaders.From the perspective of kings and other temporal rulers, weakening the power of the Pope and retaining money within their own states was a significant factor. For Luther and his fellow reformers, the Reformation had more to do with matters of the heart. Luther experienced a personal transformation while preparing his lectures on the Book of Romans and it was this experience that prompted his ideas about â€Å"faith alone†, â€Å"grace alone† and â€Å"scripture alone†. Yet without the support of temporal rulers he would probably have been convicted of heresy and executed.Rather than single out one or several causes of the Reformation as the most important, arguably, what lies at the root of the Reformation was a new spirit of humanism that was sweeping Europe. Luther was no â€Å"humanist† but he did want to give Christianity back to the people and in a sense to individuals, who would study the Bible, undergo personal, individual religious experiences and who would not have to answer to an external sources of authority. No one wou ld stand between a person and their God, although kings tried to do so as stamped out alternatives to their choice of a state church. . The Renaissance has been called the `birth of modernity. `Why? The â€Å"Renaissance† describes the period from about 1300 to about 1600, although historians disagree about the exact parameters. Historians actually identify several â€Å"renaissances† such as the English renaissance and the Scottish renaissance although the term is often restricted to the Italian renaissance. â€Å"Modernity† can be a misleading concept, because what was thought â€Å"modern† in the 1920’s seems old-fashioned in the opening years of the 21st century. The word means â€Å"re-birth†.Following the Black Death, which emasculated the population of Europe killing about a quarter of the population, some people decided that if life was short they ought to become as much as possible masters and mistresses of their destiny. Life was t oo fragile to be subject to a great many limitations and controls. The typical Renaissance Man did not confine himself to a single area of interest but studied a wide range of disciplines. Leonardo Da Vinci (1452-1519) for example was a scientist, an inventor, an artist, a anatomist, musician, visionary, musician and engineer.Arguably, Da Vinci did not want to miss out on any aspect of learning that was accessible to him as a human individual. He wanted everything that life could afford him. One contributing factor behind the emergence of the Renaissance was the rediscovery of classical learning aided by the influx of Greek refugees from Constantinople after 1453, when it fell to the Ottomans. Scholars from the East brought with them copies of Aristotle, Plato and other Greek masters. Other forgotten texts traveled to Europe via the Muslim world through Spain. The City-state of Florence was instrumental in developing Renaissance ideas.Some suggest that after the Black Death merchant s and workers gained importance. Since they were fewer in number, they could demand higher wages and more privileges. In smaller states, their importance was magnified. More wealth led to more interest in spending their leisure time pursuing learning and other interesting activities. Previously, scholarship had been dominated and policed by the Church to ensure that ideas though dangerous and contrary to Christian teaching did not develop. Lay people now turned to serious academic endeavors and were less concerned with conformity to Christian ideas.What many saw in the classical texts was confidence in humanity itself, in human ability to shape the world, to control human destiny. The way in which the human form was depicted in Greek sculpture testified to the nobility of the human form. Renaissance men such as Petrach (1304-1374) actually thought that ancient times were superior and wanted to reconstruct the past. Ancient knowledge of the functioning of the human body suggested the uniqueness of â€Å"man† among other creatures. All of this shifted the human to the center. Renaissance thought is not characteristically atheist but it is generally classed as â€Å"humanist†.Much scholarship focused on the humanities, that is, poetry, grammar, history, moral philosophy and rhetoric and there was a deep concern with how men and women could live virtuous lives. Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463-1494) famously said that â€Å"man is the measure of all things† which can be taken as the motto of the age. The Renaissance was also given a boost because wealthy people decided that patronizing art and learning was worthwhile. In what sense did the Renaissance prefigure or give birth to modernity? Modernity here is understood as the age of mature humanism. God is no longer thought to supervise and pre-ordain human affairs.The Church is no longer the guardian of learning. Knowledge is that which can be empirically proven, regardless of whether the Ch urch approves or not. While many â€Å"great men† of the Renaissance still believed in God and in eternal punishment or reward, others began to distance themselves from religion. Some tended to think that God created the world and humanity but then stepped aside, leaving people to determine their own destiny. Modern thinkers do not look to religious doctrines to determine â€Å"right† from â€Å"wrong† but see notions of morality as socially agreed constructs which are therefore fluid and subject to change.A thinker such as John Stuart Mill (1806-73) argued that a world free of religion would be more moral because people would act not in order to earn a reward but simply because an act was moral. Spinoza (1632-77) produced a system of ethics that was derived from rational thought, not from scripture. The idea that humans, by ingenuity can cure diseases, shape the world to suit their needs, redeem past mistakes by new feats of engineering and skill, puts â€Å"h umanity† at the center and all but makes God redundant.God becomes either wishful thinking or a dangerous idea, one that prevents people from taking responsibility. Historians, though, are divided on whether the Renaissance was a bridge from the Middle Ages to modernity or whether nostalgia for the past was so rampant that it could not prepare for an unknown the future. Or, even if Renaissance people did glorify the past this was in order to improve the world in which they lived and the world in which their children and their children would later live. Renaissance people were confident that human skill could make the world a better, more attractive place.The impetus to know the world led to the great explorers, which in turn inspired the more recent quest to reach the stars. Arguably, Renaissance people looked back to take what was best from the past so that humanity could move forward. Thus, modernity has its roots in Renaissance conviction that man is the measure of all thin gs. 2. The Early Middle Ages are often referred to as the `Dark Ages. ` Why? Was there any learning during this period? Dividing history into periods and naming them is problematic because not everyone agrees on how time should be divided.Characterizing an era by its main ideas or ethos, such as â€Å"Renaissance†, â€Å"Enlightenment† may be better than using such terms as â€Å"Middle Ages† or â€Å"Modern† because what can now be called â€Å"Middle† will later be nearer the start of written history. What is now â€Å"modern† will seem antiquated. The term â€Å"Middle Ages† may remain appropriate when applied to the period between the classical and the Renaissance, that is, from the 5th to the 13th centuries, although the Renaissance is sometimes included in the late Middle Ages, ending in the 15th century.Defining historical periods by describing their ethos depends on establishing a consensus about what characterized them. It wa s the Renaissance thinker, Petrarch (d. 1374) who first referred to the early Middle Ages (roughly end of fifth to end of ninth century) as the Dark Ages. Petrarch believed that the classical world was superior to the age in which he lived, itself characterized as a period of â€Å"re-birth†, that is, of reviving ancient ideas. Consequently, for Petrach, the period between the end of the classical age and the beginning of the Renaissance was â€Å"dark†.The term ‘Middle Ages† was also coined by a Renaissance period scholar, Flavio Biondo (d. 1463) who distinguished the classical, the Middle and the modern periods. For him, modernity began around about his own time, or perhaps from the Fall of Constantinople (1453). During the Dark Ages, Learning was rare, confined almost exclusively to the Church and many clergy were badly educated. Europe was divided, since the attempt to unite the former provinces of the Roman Empire as the Holy Roman Empire failed.The Ca tholic Church was the only pan-European organization and this may have hindered the development of science because little other than theology was taught or studied. There was hardly any serious historiography and literature, all in Latin, was almost exclusively hagiography or related to theology. Poetry, creative and imaginative writing, fiction, was conspicuous by their absence. Art did exist but was controlled by the Church and comparatively few great buildings or cultural artifacts were produced, although some were. Examples of great art are the illuminated mss of the Bible, such as the Book of Kells.Certainly, there was a great deal of superstition during the Dark Ages and anything that the Church authorities could not understand was condemned. This included some ancient knowledge of medicine, dubbed â€Å"witchcraft† and spiritual practices that challenges the Church’s authority, such as Celtic Christianity in Ireland, Scotland and Wales where women played a great er role and nature was reverenced. In fact, however, there were centers of learning where non-religious subjects were explored: some monasteries were isolated but maintained libraries where away from the prying age of the protectors of orthodoxy forbidden ideas were explored.The term â€Å"dark ages† highlights the contrast between the age of discovery when development took place in many areas, in science, medicine and technology from the Renaissance on and the earlier lack of progress or achievement. Yet others argue that some important aspects of modern life have their roots in the Dark Ages. For example, although the experiment of unifying Europe under the Holy Roman Empire failed, the Catholic Church did represent a unifying ideal. People were conscious of belonging to an entity that was larger than their political unit. People saw themselves as belonging to the same race, with the same rights.The idea of the whole globe as a common habitat may stem from this early unders tanding of human unity. The idea that everyone, even rulers were subject to the same law and the use of juries of peers can be traced back to the Dark Ages. The jury system remains fundamental to how justice operates in the modern world. In Art, realism was a feature during the Dark Ages, laying foundations for later developments such as the Romanesque and Gothic styles. Universities emerged just after the end of the Dark Ages and cannot have appeared from nowhere, that is, the idea of the University must have some roots in the so-called Dark Ages.The oldest Universities in Europe such as Bologna, Paris and Oxford taught the arts, law, medicine as well as theology. Enough people versed in these subjects but who were not themselves graduates of universities must have existed to teach relevant courses. Presumably, they were the products of monastic centers of learning that had pushed the boundaries of knowledge beyond theological topics. Thus, the term â€Å"Dark Ages† may refl ect the perspective of Renaissance scholars more accurately than it does those of modern scholars.On the one hand, the Renaissance is depicted as the beginning of modernity or as its precursor, suggesting that modernity built on antecedents and did not materialize spontaneously, appearing ex nihilo. Similarly, some ideas from the Dark Ages such as early contact with Muslim learning in Spain, may have laid foundations on which the Renaissance built. Pre-Renaissance Europeans were not completely ignorant about classical thinkers, for example. There may be better ways of dividing and characterizing history, although both terms â€Å"Dark Ages† and â€Å"Middle Ages† have had a long shelf life.

“If I Could Tell You” W.H. Auden

â€Å"If I Could Tell You† Analysis In â€Å"If I Could Tell You† W. H. Auden uses personification, repetition and imagery in order to prove the point; you must live your life like you do not have time left. Auden gives a vast setting over all. There are two main characters; Auden and time. The dialogue is in first person and he is speaking to some one he cares about. Auden uses personification to give life to time. This shows how time is the keeper of our destiny. He personifies time because he does not know how to reply to the subject of the poem.Which is, we do not know what will happen in the future only time know. With line 1 he goes â€Å"Time will say nothing but I told you so†. He says this to prove time knows everthing but time can not tell you. Auden uses repetition to bring a structure to the poem. Auden repeats the lines. â€Å"If I could tell you I would let you know† and â€Å"Time will say nothing but I told you so†. thoes lines are e mphasized in this poem to repeat the true meaning; which is about life and time. That is why he repeats the word time, like in line 1, to stress its importance and how it separates the two lovers.He only mentions â€Å"love† once on line eight; but it suggests time's supremacy over love. Though he still feels the emotion. He is trying to tell the person he is talking to that if you wait for things to happen life will pass you by, suggested in the last stanza † Suppose the lions all get up and go, and all the brooks and soldiers run away; time will say nothing but I told you so. † Auden uses imagery to paint the story of life in your mind. This poem uses a lot of imagery to paint a picture of life in your mind. Lines such as: † If we should weep when clowns put on their show. â€Å"If we should stumble when musicians play† â€Å"The winds must come from somewhere when they blow,There must be reason why the leaves decay;† â€Å"Perhaps the roses really want to grow,† â€Å"Suppose the lions all get up and go,And the brooks and soldiers run away;†. All of these lines suggest time can really be a harsh thingand how life can push you dow. But with the line † Because I love you more then I can say† this suggests that the world still has love to offer but time can just get in the way of love and life. W. H Auden was a wonderful writer with his words of imagery, repatition and his personification.

GLUCOSE EFFECTS ON MEMORY essays

GLUCOSE EFFECTS ON MEMORY essays NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS IN ELDERLY HUMANS The purpose of this kind of test was to find out if the level of glucose had any kind of effect on the memory. Another goal of this experiment was to determine whether glucose affects memory on other tests as well, and whether the glucose effects are restricted to memory or whether they include effects on overall cognitive, attention and motor functions. The test was done on the subjects, 17 volunteers between the ages of 62-84. The subjects took the test in the morning after a 9 hours fasting. Their blood glucose was measured at the beginning of the test, then the subjects were given sweetened beverages with either glucose (50g) or saccharine (23.7 mg). Blood glucose levels were measured every 15 minutes thereafter for the next hour and a half. The subjects were asked to read a list of words and remember them. The test was scored for long-term storage, retrieval and short-term retrieval. Also other tests were considered such as: logical memory, digit span, complex figures, cognition, attention and motor. Logical memory is a modified version of the Wechsler Memory Scale that is hearing an audiotape and asks the subjects five minutes later to recall the passage. Digit span that include forward and backward digits. Rey Oterreith compex figure: subjects were asked to copy a complex design following which they were asked to draw the design from memory. Cognition: this test assesses verbal intelligence by requiring the subject to choose the picture which best matches each of a series of words from a set of four pictures. Attention is a timed task in which subjects mark designated letters from a large list of letters. Motor: subjects were required to press down a lever attached to a counter as quickly as possible over a ten seco nd period and were given five tries with each hand. The results were obtained and analyses have been made according to the rel ...

Wal-Mart Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Wal-Mart - Essay Example The website is very well organized in terms of links and images. The left hand side of the e-store has a list of categories of consumer items for sale. The check-out function of the website is very easy to use. Wal-Mart can be benefit a lot from a more aggressive e-commerce strategy. The global market for online sales is huge. In 2010 e-commerce sales were $153 billion (Plunkett Research, 2011). Wal-Mart should look to increase its market share of this multi-billion dollar marketplace. The beauty of e-commerce is that it has the potential to reach a hundred percent of the global population of 6.9 billion. Wal-Mart has to look for ways to increase the traffic of its website. Simple solutions such as offering a discount coupon with every Wal-Mart receipt redeemable at its online stores can help increase the revenue of the store. The firm should advertize the site in TV commercials, radio, and in the press. An untapped market that could help the company increase its ecommerce sales is c ellular video advertizing. The assistance of G4 networks is enabling people to use the internet more through smart phones such s the I-phone.

Gender and Sexual Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Gender and Sexual Studies - Essay Example This essay demonstrates that academic literature on indigenous family violence indicates that men were permitted to hit their wives and children. On the other hand, it was rare for a woman to hit a man, no matter how much wrong a man commits. Any form of punishment meted out to men was determined and exercised by community â€Å"elders† who mediated most family issues (Vheim, 2013:39). The question as to why men were allowed to judge and prosecute women so quickly while their transgressions were judged by â€Å"high courts† is another grey area that creates confusion in the everyday understanding of gender violence issues (Otto, 2013:26). In retrospect, it is important to consider that societies have always been patriarchal in nature; there are little or no documented examples of matriarchal societies. Modern thinking, although it accepts that society is still patriarchal, has been geared towards creating a balance between genders or a sense of balance that insinuates equality. For example, contemporary everyday understanding holds that all children, regardless of their genders, must be given equal opportunities to access education and other basic services (Otto, 2013:29). However, academic literature on indigenous family violence postulates that men and women are unequal from childhood, with young girls being inferior to boys and therefore second-class citizens when it comes to access to any privileges. The evolution of mentalities has created two perspectives on gender issues that oppose each other (Vheim, 2013:37). The first world is that informed by academic literature on indigenous gender issues, and the second is that informed by modern views on gender issues.