Harmful Threats to the Human Body

Harmful Threats to the Human Body There are a lot of bacteria that are good for human bodies, but there are also a lot of bacteria that’s very harmful to the human body. Bad bacteria can affect people from swimming in lakes and ponds. â€Å"Many of the world's best-known disease outbreaks have been transmitted by water-borne bacterium. † Lakes and ponds are just un-treated drinking water. They have a lot of microorganisms in it that you cannot see. There are many ways to be contaminated by bacteria; you can swallow it, breathe it in, or they can get in an open wound.Being contaminated can cause skin infections, ear infections, eye infections, diarrhea, and respiratory infections. Langerhans cells and macrophages defend against microbes. Anyone can be infected by bacteria and there doesn’t have to be a lot of it in order to be infected. Vibrio cholera is a bacterium that causes cholera outbreaks around the world. Cholera isn’t common in the U. S. anymore bu t you should be careful when visiting out of state. Another bacterium found around the world is E. coli O157:H7. It produces a bloody diarrhea.It’s also a part of food contamination. It doesn’t take many organisms to get infected by this. Children and elderly are at high risk of severe illnesses. E. coli O157:H7 is even found in swimming pools. Leptospirosis is commonly transmitted by water contaminated by animal urine or soil that comes in contact with open wounds. It can either be barely noticeable or it can cause severe muscle pain. There are many different kinds of bacteria that can have a bad effect on the human body, especially in lake waters.A lot of people think that there is no way for your body to overheat, because of sweat. They think that sweating cools your body down so that it is impossible to overheat. That is wrong. If you get too hot too fast, your body cannot work fast enough to cool down. And if your body doesn’t eventually get cooler you can have a heat stroke or die. Lipid secretions also prevent dehydration. Symptoms of overheating are hard to breath, heart beats faster, you get dizzy, throwing up, and extreme dehydration.To keep from overheating you should drink lots of water and try to relax. When getting a sunburn your killing skin cells. After getting sunburn your skin tends to become red, sensitive to touch, and even warm. The outer layer of skin on your body is called the epidermis. Epidermis cells are the ones you can touch and see, they are also dead cells. The cells underneath that are living. They produce new dead cells to replenish your skin. The sun gives off ultraviolet light. Ultraviolet light is what kills the living cells.Nerve endings and receptors function to cause covering skin to prevent further sunburn. Sebum is lubrication of skin and hair. When your body senses dead cells your immune system starts working to heal your body. It increases blood flow in the affected areas, opening up capillary wall s so that white blood cells can come in and remove the damaged cells. The increased blood flow makes your skin warm and red. The nerve endings for pain begin sending signals to your brain. Damaged cells release chemicals that activate pain receptors. This is why sunburned skin is so sensitive.There are ways to prevent sunburn without having to stay inside. Use a sunscreen, which blocks ultraviolet light, or pace yourself so you get a tan first. When you get a tan, your body essentially creates its own sunscreen using special pigment cells in the epidermis. Deep cuts can become infected easily if it is not taken care of properly. Signs of infection are; redness or discoloration, swelling, warmth, pain, tenderness, scaling, itching, and pulse drainage. The skin may harden or tighten in the area and red streaks may radiate from the wound.Wound infections may also cause fevers, especially when they spread to the blood. While in the water and you happen to cut your foot; immediately lift up your foot to prevent a deeper cut. â€Å"Eccrine glands open by a duct directly onto the skin surface. When internal temperature rises, the eccrine glands secrete water to the skin surface, where heat is removed by evaporation. † There are many types of protective swim wear you can purchase to prevent organisms and chemicals from getting to your skin.

Japanese television Essay

I have always believed that there is no other better way to learn than by teaching. Many people say that you lean best by studying yet I disagree and say that one always learns best when teaching. Education is a two way street. The student learns from the teacher and the teacher learns about the student and more about life. It is with this in my heart that I have come to make the decision that I want to move to Japan, to teach and to learn and to live. I must confess that there is much of Japan that I do not know about. What I do know of Japan comes from my childhood and from my brief stay in Japan in 2005. As a child I was always fascinated by the magic of Japanese television; shows such as Godzilla (Gojira) and Space Giants (Ambassador Magma) would fill up my afternoon television slots. In class, I would often share the beauty of Japan with my class by creating posters on Japan in the hope that others could enjoy the magic and beauty that Japan possesses. I knew early on in my life that I wanted to live out my magical fantasy in Japan. In 2005, I was given that opportunity to live out my childhood fantasy. I was given the chance to go to Tokyo. It is such a wonderful place. I distinctly recall enjoying Hiroo, Ebsu and Shibuya. It is an experience that I will never forget. There is something for all the senses: The wonderful food (the sushi, the sashimi, the colorful and scrumptious bento meals); the warmth and friendliness of the people (especially the teachers of AEON) around; the colorful sights from billboards and store signs; the chorus that one hears from the people on the street yakking on their cellular phones and of course the overwhelming love that felt for Japan. There is no other place in the world that seamlessly and effortlessly incorporates such high tech innovations and gadgetry with the quiet yet powerful beauty of ancient Japan all in one place. WHY I WANT TO LIVE AND WORK IN JAPAN PAGE # 2 These experiences of mine with Japan have solidified my desire to want to return to Japan and to live there. I know that my experience with Japan has been minimal to say the least yet I cannot deny that even the one brief immersion in Japan that I’ve had is enough for me to say that I have truly fallen in love with this beautiful country and its people. This is the main reason why I want to return to Japan and teach there and live there and fall in love with Japan all over again. As I mentioned earlier, I believe that through teaching one learns and this is what I plan to do in Japan. I believe that I am a natural teacher and more importantly I want to learn. I’ve had many experiences with Japanese students in the past and the interaction that I experienced when I taught them was delightful. The Japanese students that I met were all very respectful and always had the most amazing stories to tell. The best part of that experience was that by teaching them English I was also helping them achieve their goals and dreams. There were those who studied English in order to work in America while others to get a promotion and some to learn English as a way to expand their horizons and I took a certain amount of pride in being able to play a role in helping them achieve their dreams. Now that I too have this opportunity to live in Japan and experience more of the beauty that I’ve seen and lived before would fall nothing short of having been able to have a dream and have it come true. Living in Japan, experiencing its sights and sounds, being immersed in the culture, interacting with the people and also being given the chance to play a role in helping students achieve their own goals and dreams by teaching them will definitely be such a wonderful experience. To be able to be part of a school as reputable as AEON, to contribute my efforts to helping others attain their dreams and to live my own dream by teaching and learning is a dream of mine and I hope I’m given a chance to live out my dream. Arigatou Gozaimas.

Country Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Country Studies - Essay Example The invasion led to the devaluation of the Iraq currency, which sent away the investors who had invested in the desert country. The depreciation of the currency led to the withdrawal of support from international bodies2. The invasion also confirmed to the world that the country was unsafe for inhabiting. This process made the products of the country have very low value to the international community while the international commodities became expensive. It caused an economic crisis. Additionally, this led to a long period of economic recovery. The US in conjunction with the UN undermined Iraq’s international image. The negative signal of terrorism associated the whole country with terrorism, while a small section of the country was affected by the aspect of al-Qaeda3. Iraq was also destabilized because the nation’s dictatorial leader was ousted and hanged. This cut links the leader had established with the nation’s allies to the detriment of the Iraq nationals. The reign of dictatorial leaders is better than instability. The political and economic instability caused by the US was costly to the

The Patriot Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

The Patriot Act - Essay Example It exposed weaknesses in the intelligence community which failed in its job to protect American interests by not being able to predict and prevent when or where the strikes will occur; they were not able to interpret correctly despite all the warnings, a failure of â€Å"connecting the dots.† This act is actually an acronym, which stands for Uniting and Strengthening America (USA) while Patriot stands for Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism. This law has many pertinent provisions designed to fight terrorism but a primary aim was to strengthen law enforcement capabilities against any future terror attacks on America. The law likewise contained so-called â€Å"sunset† provisions designed to lapse after December 31, 2005 based on the assessment by security experts on the continued existence of terrorist threats. The paper will discuss the important provisions of the USA Patriot Act and the effects on civil liberties and personal freedoms. Among the provisions discussed will be concerning the regulation of financial transactions to deny the terrorists their sources of funding, the broadened discretionary authority of law enforcement and immigration officials to detain, deport, and try in courts these terror suspects, and the continued policy debates about this Act, among others. A consequence of the worst-ever terrorist attack on American soil caused the creation of a single government agency charged with protecting the country and its citizens. The Department of Homeland Security was created in 2002 and currently has about 240,000 federal employees in its payroll. This department is a unified, integrated cabinet-level agency tasked with the mission of protecting American citizens from attacks emanating from land, sea, air, and even in the cyber space (Department of Homeland Security, 2013, para. 1) such as prevention of hacking attempts. Americans now seriously take security precautions, together with the added

Human health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Human health - Essay Example The development of stress related heat diseases will continue until they become epidemic if adaptation and remedies to the problem are not put into place. As a result of increases in overall temperatures on the surface of the Earth and increase radiant effects from the sun, the increases in non-communicable disease caused by global temperature elevation will continue to increase as human life begins to change in relationship to the effect. Climate change is about the sun. The way in which the radiation of the sun is distributed by the complex systems that prevent the Earth from scorching or freezing from the balance between radiation and the gasses that radiate into the system is essential to understand in order to understand how temperature affects the human body. It is also essential to understand how the sun’s rays affect the overall nature of human health both through giving vitamins, but also in creating damage to the skin, which is the body’s way of regulating tem perature. ... biodiversity loss, changing timing of growing seasons, coastal erosion and aquifer salinisation, permafrost thaw, ocean acidification, and shifting ranges for pests and diseases†. In other words, the entire natural world is at risk for changes that can be detrimental to existing ecological balance and will result in a shift in the way in which disease and pestilence is spread. The UK government is in a constant effort to pass and implement Bills that will require the reduction of greenhouse emissions because of the importance of this problem (Great Britain 2007). The greenhouse effect is defined by the way in which thermal radiation is absorbed by gases in the atmosphere and then re-radiated into a variety of directions. Some of it is radiated towards the Earth. This re-radiation is being increased by the accumulation of gasses in the atmosphere which in turn is increasing the temperature of the Earth’s surface. The natural greenhouse gasses help the Earth to make human life possible by creating the optimum temperature at which life can thrive. Human activities are now putting that balance in jeopardy as deforestation and burning fossil fuels are putting the effect out of balance (Porteous 2008, p. 314). Human activity has created an anthropogenic influence on the ozone layer which impacts the greenhouse gasses and radiation of the sun since the 1950s, but the debate about its existence still rages on (Muller 2010, p. 12). 2.1 Affects of Climate Change The surface effects will be drought, the inability to grow grains, about 25% of the worlds species will be at risk for extinction, and communities will suffer from heat stress that will result in a number of different manifestations (World Bank 2011, p. 78). Industry capacities will change, meaning that work may

Environmental Effects of Global Warming in Florida Research Paper

Environmental Effects of Global Warming in Florida - Research Paper Example This paper talks about the phenomenon of the global warming and its effects in Florida. Through undertaking this research the various environmental effects of global warming within the state become clearly understood. The experiences within other are reviewed through the research. The research will become essential in seeking to provide solutions to the adverse effects presented to the environment by global warming, upon the state of Florida. This exploratory research will seek to gather information regarding environmental effects of global warming in Florida. The information is gathered through review of existing environmental publication, exploration of the region and interviews with some interest group members. The average temperatures across the world have been observed to rise over a long period of time. These rising temperatures have continuously presented various effects upon the environment and other social systems across the world. Greenhouse gasses have been identified as presenting the biggest challenge in contributing towards global warming. Physical effects include the increased occurrence of extreme weather cases, which have been observed. These include hurricanes, which have been associated with global warming. Oceans have also been identified as becoming more acidified by the absorption of gases causing global warming. The temperature rise has also been observed within the oceans. The state of Florida has an extensive coastline, and the global warming effects from the oceans could be available.

Second Balkan War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Second Balkan War - Essay Example It is always possible to look at past conflicts in detached and scientific spirit to arrive at objective lessens. The warning given by Toynbee (1948), civilizations die from suicide, not by murder is alarmingly relevant today. The Second Balkan War, which erupted in 1913, has been massive in its destruction, not only when the actual war took place, but also in the later conflicts triggered by the fragile nature of the peace treaties. The present day world torn between conflicting interests is on the brink of war all the time. The study of the strength and weakness of the strategies of Conflict Management of the Second Balkan war would aid our understanding of the present day conflict zones and might satisfactory solutions for managing conflict across the globe. Conflict management is as old as man. However, the false ideals of patriotism, unhealthy way of releasing it in war with other countries and pernicious theories of superiority of races helped only to whip up sentiments against the enemy and there was no attempt in scholarly circles to study the psychological springs of conflict. However, it is only recently that it has become a branch of academic discipline, which attracted serious scholarly pursuit across the globe. The early attempts in the 1960s were to explore the psychological aspects of conflict. The pioneering work some psychologists in fact offered a critique to the American theory of deterrence against the Soviet Union (Russell, 1961). The attention of the psychologists was shifting from rousing the feelings of people for war to raising their mind to explore the possibility for peace. As Morawski and Goldstein (1985) observed, these Cold War writings contrasted sharply with earlier publications on war and peace in several w ays: psychologists began to emphasize the prevention of war rather than preparations for war whereas previous research had attempted to document or generate public consensus with government policy, the new work was critical of U.S. foreign policies (p. 280). In the past there was a tendency to eulogize war even though it was negative in its destructive nature. More and more psychologists started exploring the possibility of peace. This resulted in the study of promotion of peace (Wagner, de Rivera, & Watkins, 1988). Peace was defined as an active construct, characterized by the co-operation between peoples and nations springing from the desire to satisfy the needs of the entire humanity. There is increasing number of different types of conflict like, ethnic (Sri Lanka), religious (Northern Ireland), and territory linked (India-Pakistan, Arab-Israeli) and political (Nepal). International conflicts have different dimensions and varying degrees of amiability to conflict management. Some conflicts are protracted (Azar, 1986). One of the unique features of these conflicts is the difficulty of managing them peacefully. The Second Balkan Wars The Second Balkan War was fought in 1913 between Bulgaria and its former allies in the First Balkan war, Greece and Serbia. Romania and the Ottoman Empire intervened against Bulgaria. The outcome of the war made Serbia, an ally of the Russian Empire, an important

PESTLE Analysis Ford Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

PESTLE Analysis Ford - Lab Report Example The major product segment of the company includes cars, trucks and utility vehicles (Ford, 2013b). Ford cars are perceived as affordable as well as luxury cars in the market. The large product portfolio, including products such as Sedans, Hatchbacks and SUVs, cater to large group of customers. The company has differentiated itself from other automobile companies though its vision and understanding of the impact of culture on the automobile industry in future. In the present report, the current strategies and tactics implemented by the company are discussed and analyzed. A macro environmental analysis has been done to find out the present socio-cultural and environmental factors affecting United Kingdom and how the organization needs to make strategies in order to cope up with these situations. Methods and Reasons The company embraces all the traditional objectives which were given by its founder. However, looking at the current environment and continuously changing business and polit ical culture, the brand has also established many strategies to compliment with the change. Ford is the current leader in innovative cars (Ford, 2013c). Features concerned with safety, advanced technology and effort for energy and efficacy are important factors which influence the strategies of the company. Employees in the organization work together as a team and as a global and lean enterprise for leadership in automobile (Mistry, 2005). The company operates by aggressively structuring with the objective of profitable operations. The current demand for automotives is very volatile and the mix of models has to be constantly changed to meet the demands of the customers. The organization focuses on accelerating developments of those products and services which are valued by their customers. To remain profitable and well as growing, the company always makes sure that financial planning is appropriate and the balance sheet is continuously improving. The brand operates on the goals of p roviding profitable growth. The brand has its presence in over 30 countries and the company has taken all measures in providing exact requirements of the different market. Looking at the different market preferences, the company has specialized in providing personalized designs and models suiting the geographic and demographic profiles of the markets where the organization is operating. PESTLE Analysis Political Continuous growth in campaigning and elections has widened the political environment in the United Kingdom. Presence of small clusters of specialty groups makes it extremely difficult for a large organization to concentrate on one political group. Factors such as exchange rates, oil prices and free trade flows have a direct impact on the functioning of automobile sector. In the present political scenario, volatility in oil prices due to various political unrest in Arab as well as major oil producing countries, have resulted in revamping of the strategies and budgeting by maj or automobile companies. Foreign regulations and laws and foreign ownership regulations may also impact the overall revenue generation of the company in the countries where it is operating. Economic Like the rest of the automobile companies, Ford motor has also suffered huge losses due to the current recession and volatile economic and business environment. The recession that occurred in 2008 was followed by downfall of the banking industry. However, Ford has been able to stay afloat and keep a profitable business during

Cultural Music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Cultural Music - Essay Example Cultural music is confronted to the misconception that represents music in the boundaries of its functions. However cultural music should not be considered in the limitations of modern musical instruments, it depicts the traditions and norms to which we belong. Moreover cultural music depicts those values, which we have put in oblivion today and which became our identity as these presents our roots that our predecessors left. Cultural music addresses questions not just about music but about the nature of contemporary culture, because changing perceptions of music have less to do with the music itself than with changes in other cultural practices, values, and attitudes. What we are going to explore in this paper are the values, cultural music uphold, its historical significance, where it came from and the factors that distinguishes the cultural music from that of popular culture. We would put light across factors like religious rituals, social rituals, materialism and how it developed .

Your Logical Analysis for Better Understanding and Living Essay

Your Logical Analysis for Better Understanding and Living - Essay Example The understanding and living of a better life depends on the ability for one to understand what they want in life and focus on achieving those goals. Securing a better life starts with making the right choices for college and picking the right career path. These decisions are based on interests and strengths of an individual. I have to understand my interests and passions before choosing a career that best fits these interests. Based on my interests and strengths, I should make a decision on what I would want to study or major in college before deciding the right college for offering the course. Having information on the major or career will be helpful in getting a college that specializes in that particular field. I would develop a criterion for selecting colleges based on factors such as degrees offered, location, costs, graduation rate and financial assistance packages. From the criteria, I can come up with a list of possible colleges and universities. Visiting the schools before making the decision to study there may also be helpful. Choosing the right career and college that offers that course is the first step to securing a bright and better life in future. Time management is necessary because once lost, time is unrecoverable. Part of my understanding of living a better life is to manage my time. Time management not only improves the balance of life but also ensures a quality life. After understanding that time management is life management, I have to develop ways to manage my time by exercising self-discipline. Time management can lead to a better life because it minimizes stress and improves the overall quality of life. I start by laying a foundation for managing my time by delegating appropriate time for every activity I carry out in the day. I also have to identify and evaluate how I am spending my time currently to know where to make the adjustments. To manage my time I ensure that everything moves according to schedule. Anything done out of

How Does Atticus Creates an Impact Essay Example for Free

How Does Atticus Creates an Impact Essay This was greatly influenced by their father, Atticus and the case of Tom Robinson in which Atticus was defending Tom. Atticus was a proud and dignified person in Maycomb. Everyone in Maycomb respects him and he also respects himself. When Atticus was given the case of Tom Robinson, because he always wants to do what he sees as being right, he has to take Tom’s case because he sees this as his duty. Although he knows this case was a lost one because of the racial society he lives in where a white person’s words always triumph over a black person’s words, he still tries his utmost best to defend Tom Robinson. I’ve got to live with myself† is how he explains his determination to Scout. If he didn’t defend Tom, he â€Å"couldn’t hold up his head in town. † Because his would have proved that he was as just as racial as the Maycomb folks. Atticus was â€Å"the deadest shot in Maycomb County† and he was nicknamed â€Å"One-Shot Finch† but he never boasted about his talent and he certainly disapproves of Scout boasting on his behalf. Despite his many talents, Atticus was a modest man. He never looks down on others despite his achievements, career and education status. He respected people of colour. A perfect example of this was that he lets Calpurnia run his entire household. Atticus was constantly criticized and attacked by members of the community of Maycomb before and during the trial but he does not take advantage of his social standing to retaliate or rebuke them. He remains clam when he was provoked directly. When Bob Ewell spits in Atticus’ face and Bob Ewell said â€Å"Too proud to fight? † Atticus simply replied â€Å"No, too old. He just wipes his face after Bob Ewell was finished swearing at him and walked off calmly. This showed that Atticus has more character than Bob Ewell. After that scenario, Atticus thought that Bob Ewell let all his anger out but this was one of Atticus’ few mistakes of judgement of character where this shows that he was not perfect, he was human. Atticus treats his children as intelligent individuals, where if they ask him a question, he answers in a clear matter – of –fact wa y and he answers his questions directly. A good example of this was where Scout does not want to go to school because she cannot read in school; he clearly explains what it actually is. â€Å"Do you know what a compromise is? † he asked. â€Å"No, an agreement reached by mutual concessions. It works this way,† he said. â€Å"If you’ll concede the necessity of going to school, we’ll go on reading every night just as we always have. † That compromise also shows that Atticus has good parenting skills. Atticus was a very fair person, so in instances of an argument, he listens to both sides of the story and then concludes a verdict. This was told to the reader when Scout was explaining to Uncle Jack why he wasn’t fair in dealing with the situation with Scout and Francis â€Å"Well, in the first place you never stopped to gimme a chance to tell you my side of it—you just lit right into me. When Jem an’ I fuss Atticus doesn’t ever just listen to Jem’s side of it, he hears mine too† Atticus has never beaten his children but he firmly scolds them in certain situations. For example when he makes Jem go and read for Mrs Dubose â€Å"Atticus, she wants me to read to her. Yes sir. She wants me to come every afternoon after school and Saturdays and read to her out loud for two hours. Atticus, do I have to? † â€Å"Certainly,† said Atticus. In conclusion, we all, as readers, see that Atticus has an impact in some way on every person living in Maycomb county either directly or indirectly. Also, we see that Atticus tries his best to grow up his children in the best way possible and answer all their questions when asked instead of just delving into another topic.

Models of Organized Crime Executive Summary Essay Example for Free

Models of Organized Crime Executive Summary Essay The difference between the patron-client and bureaucratic model is based on who is appointed the leader. The organization is based on trust and loyalty similar to the family. The main role as a patron-client is to show leadership by providing financial assistance and safety for the client. The client returns the favor by acting out different duties coming from the patron. The patron-client has the advantage because they are the sole providers for all communication for the client. Income is providing from executing from murders, thefts, frauds and drug trafficking. The patron client dominates a particular location for his organization. The group is also connected with police officers who are specialized in criminal operatives. The bureaucratic model is more focus on setting goals. Bureaucratic have a higher clientele but are selective with who is inducted into their group. All orders come from the boss in order to execute the next chain of events. The most important operation in the business is hierarchy. In order for the plan to be successful, all members must fully understand their role. This process is crucial for the structure to the organization and the members. The members must be able to carry out the task. If a step was missed by a member, they will eliminate from the project. The organization cannot afford for their hard work to be flush down the drain because an associate could not be trusted. Weber’s and Taylor’s models of the bureaucratic theory are most effective when used for larger events. Once a plan is started the bureaucratic should be introduced in order to control all lines of communication and any rules that were initially set. The patron-client is more decentralized and does not require control over unit members. Parton-clients are more favorable in social networks because there not fully involved with the plan. Bureaucratic model are vulnerable to cops  because upper management is stricter. The patron-client provides information for the job. For instance, the investigator will provide the client information so the whereabouts will not be an issue making the job easier to perform. In conclusion, each model has its expression of criminal cooperation with different socioeconomic conditions and law enforcement strategies to avoid media attention. Crime groups are broken down into different characteristics. Members of organized crime groups normally attack public officials and law enforcement agents. . Understanding organized crime is important because it gives the government the ability to know how they work so can be bought to a stop. References Connor, O. (2012). Organized Crime Investigation. Retrieved from http:// http://www.drtomoconnor.com/3220lect07a.htm/ Mallory, S. (2007). Understanding Organized Crime. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers

Why We Love Coca Cola Commerce Essay

Why We Love Coca Cola Commerce Essay Coca-Cola is just water, sugar, a few secret flavourings and bubbles so Coca-Cola is something else. Brilliant marketing the company believes that it has got to be more than just beverages it has got to be a reminder of the good times and warm feelings so each of us buy Coca-Cola again and again (so the brand would need to portray these feelings) Coca-Cola fans and Pepsi fans market used to be divided Coca-Cola the largest beverage company in the world known it needs to catch consumers eyes (so the brand would distinguish the difference between most popular seller competition ) Making the connection with the consumer and the brand reminding them that if you are hungry a hot dog and Coca-Cola drink were made to go together (colours ketchup red) In the precious few seconds of decision making when shopping Coca-Cola relies on the instant association the shopper makes to a memory like the Coca-Cola logo on a team stadium or a sport hereo being sponsored by Coca-Cola and indorsing the brand in public by drinking it in a press conference or award ceremony, end of fight of car race (brand visibility) PHOTO OF THE BEATLES DRINKING COCA-COLA ^^^^^ what Coca-Cola have tried to do is continue to build a memory bank of positive associations between the brand and what it stands for and these moments of happiness (brand connected to emotions beetles being emotional to fans ) ***Coca-Cola is one of those brands that inspire emotions, best success stories of all time Coca-Cola have done a great job of marketing and it is not just because they have a beautiful label (label is a big part of it but, the marketing of the label helped with association) When Coca-Cola talk of a memory bank that has been established of pleasant times of celebrations and that helps them sell Coca-Cola (along with the labels association) There is not many famous advertisements that people remember although Coca-Cola, is at the top end with some, like the famous hill top song advertisement quote I would like to teach the world to sing which is still etched in peoples memory (like catchy colours in the brand) It was a clever advertisement because it had a catchy jingle that people could associate with over their native language. The advertisement was also multi-cultural with people from different multi-national backgrounds (have to make brand understandable and noticeable to all nations) Clever advertising, people want to sing it you can still see this advertisement on (online) you tube today with people putting their own creative twist and jingle on top of it (fun popular product) AMERICAN FOOTBALL ADD playful humour, mean Joe turned nice (football association) Coca-Cola owns the unique, unmistakable bottle shape I THINK THAT THE CORVATIOS SHAPE HAS A CERTAIN MAGIC NO ONE ELSE IN THE MARKET HAS THAT CLASSIC DESIGHN LIKE THE Coca-Cola CONTURE BOTTLE. (works well with the brand association) Something as simple as a label a look of the bottle (has big impact) Little moment of joy (this is how people may see Coca-Cola and its brand and what name t has made for itself) The depth of which Coca-Cola belonged to the American people (red American flag) More to the consumer people part of their lives personal memory bank (everyday living and culture) Perhaps no product is more embedded in to the American culture than Coca-Cola that history has been protected and cultivated * powerful marketing can turn something simple like a fizzy drink in to an icon (brand visibility) Coca-Cola has thousands of different mediums of marketing examples are print television advertisements For Coca-Cola to get its name in front of everyone Coca-Cola have put their name on everything from illustrated calendars and pens to pocket mirrors (brand visibility) A well known artist of the day Norman Rockwell Myths Being a myth commonly spoke about that everyone may believe and talks about gets Coca-Cola free advertising which may lead to conversations and debates which in return leads to more noticablity of the brand A campaign featuring Santa Claus in his trade mark (associate to seasons in a month and special occs) red and white coincidentally Coca-Cola colours (on brand) led to that question is it true that Coca-Cola invented Santa Claus? No, they created the modern image of Santa Claus as we know him today Coca-Cola were trying to create an advertising campaign that would get people associated with the holidays so they thought about Santa Claus who has to go all around the world in twenty four hours so, he must get thirsty in that time (this relates back to different cultures around the world product) so lets get him a Coca-Cola and that is how Coca-Cola got to indorse the well known iconic and much loved character around the world which kids and parents love and trust (associate with Coca-Cola clever endorsement) SANTA ILLUSTRATIONS SIMIONTICS The inventor pharmacist John Penberto in 1856 invented the original energy drink Coca-Cola and marketed it as having restorative powers because of its main ingredients extracted from cola nuts and the coca leaf (key source of cocaine) (was originally green leaf?! Relates to old brand) (where the name stems from for the brand) Secret formula book by Rick Allen Allem Fluid extracted from the coca leaf part of the original formula and fluid extract of the coca leaf is the drug known as cocaine so there is a small amount of cocaine in the original formula recipe for the first five years of the recipe (addictive) The exact recipe method of Coca-Cola today remains a closely guarded secret which is kept locked in a volt in a santrust bank in Atlanta. USA COCA-COLA BOTTLE that did not prevent many different companies trying to imitate Coca-Cola and cash in on there successes in the 1900s it was hard to tell what was the real thing and what was not with similar names and designed bottles like Coca Nola, Sola Cola and the same brown bottle (write more) so Coca-Cola needed a way to distinguish its products from the imposters trying to imitate Coca-Cola so Coca-Cola put out a design brief to glass manufacturers to design a unique bottle that could be distinguished by its shape with your eyes closed The contour hobber skirt bottle was then designed it was inspired by the hobber skirt Betty wear female clothing range of the day. Now the consumer could be sure they were purchasing the real Coca-Cola , the new contour bottle was so unique it became instantily famous and Icon for Coca-Cola itself, that is how the Coca-Cola contour bottle became such a recognised product throughout the world (inspiration female body. Patented in 19what?) Due in large part because of Robert Woodruff who helped design some of the iconic items that we recognised to be Coca-Cola today like the six pack, ice box and product sponsorship with the Olympics (worldwide recognition) Robert Woodruff had a vision that put Coca-Cola with local events they would enjoy this product (popularity) WOLRD WAR TWO World war two most large companies were putting global expansions on hold although Coca-Cola were not. Robert Woodruff said quote I will get Coca-Cola to the America tropes for a nickel regardless of what it costs the company he then sent sixty-four portable bottling plants with American tropes all across western Europe the south pacific north Africa and south America. The end result was the eleven million soldiers who came back from war with a keen loyalty for Coca-Cola it was like letters from home or a release like a pack of cigarettes it was to the m a symbol of something they have been fighting for (emotions and loyalty to America) BATTLE OF THE BRANDS Coca-Cola soon had another new battle to fight with Pepsi an epic battle that started with some clever advertising with an advert that had a catchy jingle and Pepsi slogan quote twice as much and better, too they were offering twice as much for the same price as Coca-Cola. Coca-Cola had some tough competition on their hands they hit back with king size bottles which did not help and Pepsi continued to fight with a campaign called the Pepsi challenge which was blind testing the consumer and it showed that (nationwide more people prefer the taste of Pepsi over Coca-Cola) (branding is so important in making people believe what they prefer in competition because the visual is linked to the taste and reputation of the brand) after Coca-Cola did its own tests with similar results Coca-Cola decided to change their ninety nine year old recipe which got a backlash from the consumer audience I THINK this is because the consumer grew up and got to love and trust the brand and it was something Coca-Cola were changing and this was changing their history of what Coca-Cola was three years later Coca-Cola came back and re launched Coca-Cola Classic GLOBAL Coca-Cola have managed to get their product to everyone everywhere like remote places in Africa Quote if you grow up in an environment where there are many challenges as Africans face every day, you need an extra dose of optimism to drive yourself everyday (Bill Egby the president of Coca-Cola south Africa Coca-Cola means a lot of different things to different people I THINK that Coca-Cola gives people opportunity in Africa to happiness and success this success comes in money and jobs one thing Africa has been short of in its history (America successful country with lots of opportunity and money luxury) this is because everybody who sells Coca-Cola makes money so more and more people have been buying Coca-Cola to sell on so this is how Coca-Cola have managed to get in to the most remote places not just in Africa but the world everybody has tried to get a bit of Coca-Cola success (there are one o six o bottling plants in Africa in fifty six African countries) Coca-Cola targets all markets, middle class Success in Africa for Coca-Cola has been critical because of Coca-Cola growing independence of overseas markets (eighty percent of Coca-Cola global sales are from the international markets) Bill Edby Coca-Cola has never failed or had to pull out of a country once it has started marketing itself within it and has always succeeded (red a successful colour) Coca-Cola is a global sponsor of south Africa supporting community events and small businesses by providing them with signs and fridges with the Coca-Cola brand stamped upon them in return for this Coca-Cola have managed to secure brand loyalty with the African community Coca-Cola have ensured their logo is stamped on everything and everywhere possible billboards, posters, buildings and cans ^^^^ Coca-Cola has managed to tap in to the world and local communities with what excites them like football (passion) (football one of the most popular sports in the world with passionate people throughout the world loving it) spending thousands of US dollars and sponsoring the south African world cup thus ensuring worldwide publicity * Coca-Cola associate itself with popular passions and historical moments This Will only pay off for Coca-Cola if people in the emerging markets can get their hands o Coca-Cola BOTTLING Coca-Cola, Coca-Colas changing with the times by designing new drinking technology to interact with the consumer they have got with Ferrari (powerful expensive car) to design a new drinks machine it has the touch screen technology from an i-phone and power provided by the trust of millions of thirsty consumers in an age when shoppers demand products tailored to their individual taste Coca-Cola has designed a super high tech drinking machine to satisfy all their customers it is called the free style jet machine this is allowing the buyers to allow them full control letting them create one hundred and four different variations of Coca-Colas products fizzy drinks, juices, teas and flavoured waters This is the way Coca-Cola can stay in touch with a fast changing way of the twenty first century consumer market but, it is part of their push to attract new drinkers and bring back old ones (evolution) This free style jet machine manages to get in to the minds of the consumer by reporting and logging what different variations of Coca-Cola are being sold were when and in what quantities for Coca-Cola this could be marketing gold by knowing how much of their different brands are being sold where and when (clever) all of this information of what the consumers like could point to the next drink sensation and that could be critical because the new Coca-Cola flavours build excitement and this is important to the Coca-Cola brand which is what Coca-Cola need to stay on top and survive In this industry new is where the growth is so in 2007 Coca-Cola established an entire division whos mission is to create or discover Coca-Cola next billion dolla brand. we look for beverages that are ahead of the game, that are meeting needs that are not being meet by an exciting offering and these are brands we are really interested in Derek Van Rensburg head of venture of emerging brands Unit VEB Like the company ZICO Coconut water, Zico is 100% coconut water, Coca-Cola try and pick up what is next in the market and with recent health trends there is a larger potential market for healthier products like this for Coca-Cola to market Coca-Cola gamble huge amounts of money investing in small niche products and turning them into a phenomenon Coca-Cola has the money to by big brands in 2007 Coca-Cola paid 4.2 billion dollars for Glaceau makers of vitamin water and smart water in the future Coca-Cola will make the next big drink brand or buy it before it becomes a hot commodity the market under someone elses name Environmental energy, social responsibility, health and wellness For hundreds of years Coca-Cola only offered one drink that being the classic Coca-Cola, Coca-Cola did not have to offer more but now Coca-Cola is not it, change is it, and the Coca-Cola company need to keep an eye on its ever changing taste to find its next great successes weather that is orange flavoured Coca-Cola or the coconut water. ROUND UP! Amazingly enough even though the freestyle machine offered the chance to concoct a number of different exciting drink combinations the one shoppers chose mare than any other was not a combinations at all it was classic Coca-Cola more than a century ago Coca-Cola was just a drink but today it is a corporate empire determined to bring its famous logo to every inhabilitated corner of the world, there are still a few places that you cant yet buy a Coca-Cola for now. CNN Since 1955 Coca-Cola have had a billboard at Piccadilly to remind consumers which refreshment should quench there thirst this is one example of aggressive marketing strategy which has played a huge role in the company success One small corner shop in Tunbridge Wells to millions of sales worldwide OUTLINE history For 125 years the signature Coca-Cola bottle has been familiar presence threw out the world from billboards dominating landscapes to small little corner shops in seemingly remote locations the history of the pharmaceutical syrup from the small Chemist in 1886 John Pemberton had introduced a number of different products ion the market place he had hair dyes, liver pills and a number of different beauty aids none of which had been successful. Coca-Cola was not John Pembertons first attempt to manufacture and market a soft drink but it became his most successful unfortunately for John Pemberton he died a year and a half after he introduced the product so he never saw it become a commercial success write more about what the product was and In 1887, another Atlanta pharmacist and businessman, Asa Candler bought the formula for Coca Cola from inventor John Pemberton for $2,300. By the late 1890s, Coca Cola was one of Americas most popular fountain drinks, largely due to Candlers aggressive marketing of the product. With Asa Candler, now at the helm, the Coca Cola Company increased syrup sales by over 4000% between 1890 and 1900. http://inventors.about.com/od/cstartinventions/a/coca_cola.htm By  Mary Bellis, About.com Guide PICTURE OF OLD ILLUSTRATED WORK Asa Candler was a clever business man and saw Coca-Colas potential Asa Candler was a brilliant at marketing and understood how to promote new products in countless creative way in how to get potential consumers to try them one of the things that Asa Candler did that was different from a lot of other business in how they promoted there company with advertising campaigns, Asa Candler used very good illustrators and he used a lot of colour in his advertising he got the very best lithographers to do a promotional calendars and trays (clever promotional pices as they would be used everyday and insusing it would be used daily throught out ther year blab bla bla) Asa Candler would commission great illustrators to create illustrated advertising campaigns for the magazines of the day And so Coca-Colas marketing stratergy was set (talk about it what it was clever aggrisive bold fresh the best better than the rest) When people think of Coca-Colas Icon the unmistakable uniquely shaped contour bottle (input history of the bottle here) it is a perfect balance of form and function it looks beautiful and it works as good as it looks it is so functional you can find it with your eyes closed (insert design brief history here) Between 1910 and 1920 this was a critical decade for Coca-Cola because most of what we know of the Coca-Cola today was decided in this decade, Coca-Colas bottling franchise system was founded by Benjamin Thomas and  Joseph Whitehead. previously to now Coca-Cola was only served in Coca-Cola drinking fountains in shops throughout America but now with a bottling franchise deal Coca-Cola could sell the secret syrup formula to bottling companies enabling them to just add carbonated water and bottle it up and potentially distribute it to the furthest most remote enhabited parts of the world. It turned out that people loved Coca-Cola in bottles now the consumer could enjoy it anywhere they wanted. The iconic white cursive Spencerian Script that Coca-Cola use, the instantly identifiable shade of red that Coca-Cola have consistently used and seldom seen to stray from. The unmistakable uniquely shaped contour bottle (talk about the script remains unchanged stood the test of time) Over the years Coca-Cola advertising strategy has been a winning formula driven by the brands ability to connect with consumers from a diverse multicultural audience throughout the world through strong storytelling, Iconic Santa Claus, quench the troops of world war two and memorably through the Id like to buy the world a coke 1971 advert That projected the image of being an icon and having a point of view of the world around us and not just selling a product and encouraging the consumer to think about Coca-Cola but to really step back and think about the world around us and to have an opertermistic view of the world at that time. The harmonios images off the the Coca-Cola advert brought a fearst battle of the brnads as Pepsi called apon the power of the celebrity endorsement and waged war on Coca-Cola Wendy clark SVP Marketing Communications BATTLE OF THE BRANDS Coca-Colas position on the battle of the brands between the to magor compititors Coca-Cola and Pepsi was not nesoserly a bad thing as two strong compititors make a more viable industry (explain how) its good for Coca-Cola to have competition and be able to push the Coca-Cola brand up against compititors like Pepsi to bring out the best marketing stratergy and marketing ability COMPERITOR ADVANTAGE The challange with Coca-Cola is huge being such a large globle company operating in over 200 countries thats more than the United Nations so Coca-Cola have got a larger scale than any other company in the world The succsess of Coca-Cola marketing straturgey has rocketed Coca-Cola to 1.6billion drinks being sold world wide, this shows how they have come a far way from the pharmist in 1886 In 1990 Asa Candler sold the company to a group of investors and Robert woodruff soon became Coca-Colas new company President Robert Woodruffs goal was to make ice cold Coca-Cola available to anyone anytime anywhere under Robert Woodruffs leader ship he invested in bottling plants throughout the world and Coca-Cola became the first truly global brand Coca-Cola over a 100s after it all started Coca-Cola formula is still a closely guarded secret but the popularity of this iconic band is no secret it is the most recognised trademark in the world and is being marketed and enjoyed in over 200 countries produced and sold by local bottlers, where very you are whatever your thirst the Coca-Cola company and Coca-Cola bottlers answer the need for refreshment in many different way but the market leader is Coca-Cola the original soft drink Unique delicious authentic and fun Diffrent Logos This is an image showing a selection of different Coca-Cola logos from around the world. It shows how Coca-Cola have branded themselves and changed and adapted the famous cursive Spencerian Script and re designed it in different way to suit and be understood in various different countries. It is clever how Coca-Cola have changed the cursive Spencerian Script to suit the oppropriate countires main langage even though English is the world local launge and many companies dont renrand themself is this way. Coca-Cola have swapped the traditional english alphabet for the oppropriate countires alphabet If you look at the Sri Lanka Sinhalese Coca-Cola Logo, Coca-Cola have swaped the cursive Specerian Script for the nations traditional Script of Singhalese the local Langage of Sri Lanka (it says taste is which is translated as enjoy Different logo design (Thai) Bottle design compitions London fashion week Bottle advertising (quick name a soft drink add) Anti Islamic logo Pop art andy warhole The war 2 What makes an iconic brand?] know one when you see one Rooted in culture Who bys Coca-Cola everyone the bum on the street or the priminister money cant by a btetter Coca-Cola

Cell Phones: Evolution Or Revolution? :: communication technology

Cell Phones: Evolution Or Revolution? Since the beginning of the industrial revolution, the world has become a smaller and faster place. The time used to travel to far distances has decreased. The growth of new technologies, traveling and communicating has become simple daily tasks for many people. Through the growth of global communication, people have become closer to others across the globe, and business has gone world wide. One invention that came along with the technological revolution is the Cell Phone. Cell phones allow us to be reachable anywhere at anytime, letting us communicate even while traveling. As time becomes more valuable for people, the importance of accessibility to communication also increases. As with many things, new technology brings some bad consequences. This paper will briefly discuss the development of cell phone and its uses along with the negative impact it can have on our health. The idea of cellular phone goes back to the 1940s. The vacuum tube and the transistor made possible the early telephone network, but wireless revolution began only after the low cost micro processors and digital switching became available (Farley 1). Dr. Martin Cooper, a former general manager for the systems division at Motorola, is considered the inventor of the first modern portable handset. Cooper made the first call on a portable cell phone in April 1973. He made the call to his rival, Joel Engel, Bell Labs head of research. Bell Laboratories introduced the idea of cellular communications in 1947 with the police car technology. However, Motorola was the first to incorporate the technology into portable device that was designed for outside of an automobile use. The cell phone got its cellular name because the system uses many based stations to divide a service area into multiple cells. Cellular calls are transferred from base station to base station as the user travels from cell to cell. Have you ever wonder why other countries are further advanced in their telephone technology. Have you noticed that Japan is always coming out with smaller and better phones? The reason for this is the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). The FCC governs the airwaves of the United States. When concept of cell phones started, AT&T recognized the need for more radio spectrum frequencies. They proposed the FCC allocated more airwaves so that widespread cellular service would be feasible (Corr 121). This would give AT&T the drive to research the new technology.

Capital Punishment Essay -- Crime Jail Death Penalty Essays

Capital Punishment Throughout the history of man, the penalty of death was given to criminals who broke the law. Capital Punishment is the extreme penalty for crime (Compton's) and is still in use today in many countries. A criminal can be sentenced to death for various crimes. Even more were the methods used to execute, many being cruel and unusual. There have been many debates on whether or not to abolish the death penalty. There are many pros and cons to this complicated issue. Capital Punishment is in use for many reasons and has been enforced in numerous ways throughout the years. The condemned prisoner on death row may have broken the law, but does that give us the right to take the life of another human being?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Why have we used the death penalty? The death sentence permanently removes law-breakers from our society and "prevents the executed criminal from continuing his criminal career (Hollywood Studio)." We kill in desperate hopes that these killers and rapists will not be able to strike again, murdering or raping more innocent victims. In many cases, the criminal has broken the law, but if he is let off easily and slips through the system, he may go out and commit the crime again and again. The death penalty is the ultimate punishment; it gets the point through and teaches the lesson that society will not put up with the people who break the law. It is a very real punishment and leaves no room for rehabilitation of the criminal. Repeat offenders must be kept from breaking the law once more. They have had their chances to repent and reform. The only other way to stop repeat offenders is to merely eliminate them (Electric Chair). Why not just sentence them to life impris onment? Life imprisonment just isn't as effective as the Death Penalty because it is not as severe and harsh (KSCOffices). Life imprisonment is soft and only succeeds in removing the criminal for a certain amount of time. Life imprisonment is also very expensive. The criminal who broke the law should not be allowed to mooch money off the system, receiving heating, clothing, in-door plumbing, and three meals a day, whilst a homeless person has nothing and has not harmed anyone. It costs roughly $30,000 each year to keep an inmate in jail, and many people do not feel it's worth their money to keep Capital offense criminals alive. We use the death penalty to teach a lesson t... ...Penalty and the Disadvantaged. Wisconsin: Gary E. McCuen Publications, Inc., 1997. McCuen, Gary E., and R.A. Baumgart. Reviving the Death Penalty. Wisconsin: Gary E. McCuen Publications, Inc., 1985. Isenberg, Irwin. The Reference Shelf: The Death Penalty. New York: H.W.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Wilson Company, 1977. Compton's Interactive Encyclopedia. Compton's NewMedia, Inc., 1994. Webster's Concise Encyclopedia. Sofsource, Inc., 1996. Clark, Richard. "Some Thoughts on the Death Penalty." [Online] Available http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/capital_punishment- UK/homepage.html, May 14, 1998. No Author. "The Electric Chair." [Online] Available http://www.theelectricchair.com//index.htm. May 8, 1998. No Author. "Methods of Execution." [Online] Available http://www.dos.state.fl.us/fgils/agencies/fcc/reports/monitor/methmon.html/, May 8, 1998. Dieter, Richard C.. "Capital Punishments in the Past: Capital Punishments." [Online] Available http://www.geocities.com/Hollywood/Studio/3015/cap.htm, July, 1998. McNamara, Colleen. "Capital Punishment" [Online] Available http://www.keene.edu/KSCoffices/upward/cappun.htm. Keene State College Upward Bound, 1997.

Patriarchy in Jane Austens Sense and Sensibility Essay -- Jane Austen

Patriarchy in Jane Austen's Sense and Sensibility Despite the fact that Jane Austen has become what Julian North describes as a â€Å"conservative icon in popular culture† signified by her depictions of â€Å"traditional class and gender hierarchies, sexual propriety and Christian values,† the novel _Sense and Sensibility_ provides, if not a feminist perspective, a feminist discourse lacking in Emma Thompson’s film version (North 38). In this essay, I attempt to argue briefly that the novel, which initially seems to uphold cultural norms of sexuality and does little to question women’s subaltern position, can be read to undermine the patriarchy and especially male-controlled courtship rituals. Next I seek to demonstrate how the film’s adaptation by Emma Thompson undermines its own feminist intentions to become another late 20th-century romantic-comedy prescribing a happy marriage to an attractive and wealthy man as a cure-all for the single woman’s woes (Giddings 11). Ironically the novel _Sense and Sensibility_, which many critics consider embodying the paradigm of conservative Georgian literature, appears staunchly, if graciously, countercultural in comparison to its 20th-century film adaptation. Two features of the novel can clearly be identified as providing a feminist perspective: the discourse between sense and sensibility which presents contrasting but complementary strands of female temperament and the sisterly bond that provides the Dashwood women with a self-sustaining, if only temporary, method of resistance to an ineluctably encroaching patriarchy. Often linked to post-revolutionary ideological tumult, the triumph of sense over sensibility in the novel has spurred critics to identify it both as a reactionary vi... ... Novel: The Theory and Practice of Literary Dramatization_. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1990. Kaplan, Deborah. â€Å"Mass Marketing Jane Austen: Men, Women, and Courtship in Two Film Adaptations.† _Jane Austen in Hollywood_, ed. Linda Troost and Sayre Greenfield. Lexington: U of Ky. P, 2001. North, Julian. â€Å"Conservative Austen, Radical Austen: Sense and Sensibility from Text to Screen.† _Adaptations: from Text to Screen, Screen to Text_, ed. Deborah Cardwell and Imelda Whelehan. London: Routledge, 1999. _Sense and Senibility_. Dir. Ang Lee. Perf. Emma Thompson, Hugh Grant, Kate Winslett. 1995. Whelehan, Imelda. â€Å"Adaptations: The Contemporary Dilemmas.† _Adaptations: from Text to Screen, Screen to Text_, ed. Deborah Cardwell and Imelda Whelehan. London: Routledge, 1999.

Bethune

Abstract Dr. Mary McLeod Bethune was an African American educator that founded Bethune Cookman College in the early 1900’s, one of the first historical black colleges. Dr. Bethune also founded the National Council of Negro Women; this organization is essentially responsible for representing the international concerns of black women and it also gives black women the understanding of their goals for social justice, equality and human rights through united, constructive action.Beyond education Dr. Bethune helped bring together African Americans in the informal Federal Council on Negro Affairs, also known as the black cabinet that advised President Roosevelt. Dr. Bethune’s education includes Maysville Presbyterian Mission School, Scotia Seminary and the Moody Bible Institute (Dwight Moody's Institute for Home and Foreign Missions. A few political seats that she held include consultant to the U. S. Secretary of War for selection of the first female officer candidates.Appoint ed consultant on interracial affairs and understanding at the charter conference of the U. N. Founder of the National Council of Negro Women. Dr. Bethune was the vice-president of the NAACP. Dr. Bethune was awarded the Haitian Medal of Honor and Merit, that country's highest award. In Liberia she received the honor of Commander of the Order of the Star of Africa. I chose Dr. Bethune because my grandmother was inspired at the age of 40 to obtain her Bachelor’s Degree in Elementary Education and taught for twenty nine years.She said that Dr. Bethune inspired her through all of her accomplishments, in spite of the challenges that she faced as an African American women. I too, am inspired by her accomplishments. My goal through research is to learn more about Dr. Bethune’s leadership and hopefully I will be able to emulate some of her characteristics. Dr. Mary McLeod Bethune Early Life Dr. Mary McLeod Bethune was born in South Carolina in 1875. She was one of seventeen chi ldren, he parents were both slaves.In 1888, she received a scholarship to Scotia Seminary in North Carolina; this scholarship began her career as an educator. She graduated from Scotia Seminary about five years later in 1893 and she later enrolled in Moody Bible College in Chicago, Illinois. After graduating Dr. Bethune’s first goal was to become a missionary in Africa, not to become and educator. Dr. Bethune later discovered that African Americans were not generally chosen for missionary assignments to Africa. Dr.Bethune’s did not let the disappointment of her application deter her drive to educate others; she applied and received teaching positions in Maysville, Georgia and Sumpter, South Carolina. While working as a teacher in Sumpter, South Carolina she met and married her husband Albertus Bethune, they had one child together. Though they were never divorced, Mr. Bethune left the family due to her devotion to her educating African American children. Dr. Bethune was convinced that education was the single tool to use to fight in opposition to African American weakness and poverty.Dr. Bethune later moved to Florida with her son and husband before their separation. In early 1900, the Florida East Coast railroad construction brought hundreds of African Americans to the areas. She recognized and had a strong desire to improve the lives of uneducated African Americans. Dr. Bethune had a vision, she rented a two story house in Daytona Beach, Florida and opened the Daytona Educational and Industrial Training School for Negro Girls, at the time the school’s enrollment consisted of five girls and her son. school for African American girls.

Product Life Cycle Theory

The result flavor hertz supposition is employ to comprehend and analyze miscellaneous growness microscope coiffes of results and industries. point of intersection innovation and diffusion bewitch long-term convenings of international change everywhere in. This term merchandise manners calendar method was utilise for the premier clip in 1965, by Theodore Levitt in an Harvard Business Review word act the proceeds Life roulette wheel. Anything that satisfies a consumers need is c distri aloneivelyed a ingathering. It whitethorn be a tangible mathematical increase (clothes, crockery, cars, house, gadgets) or an intangible service (banking, health c atomic subdue 18, hotel service, airline business service).Irrespective of the kind of harvest-tide, all harvest-times figured into the merchandise put up with a common choke hertz. To assure what this increase spirit wheel surmise is all ab kayoed, let us live with a quick look at its renderi ng. harvest Life Cycle definition A ware conduct calendar method of birth control refers to the time block between the forward of a product into the food securities constancy trough it is finally with cadaverous. In a lump shell, product life cycle or PLC is an odyssey from peeled and innovative to sexagenarian and superannuated This cycle is split into four divergent sets which encom headway the products journey from its adit to emergence from the sell place place. Product Life Cycle symbolisesThis cycle is based on the all familiar biological life cycle, wherein a reference is planted ( holding branch), germinates ( result branch), sends out roots in the ground and shoots with branches and leaves a mould upst gravity, thereby maturing into an adult ( due date re-create). As the plant lives its life and nears old age, it shrivels up, shrinks and dies out ( pull in up degree). Similarly, a product in like manner has a life cycle of its own. A produc ts entry or launching phase into the commercialize corresponds to the introduction exemplify. As the product gains popularity and wins the dep adept of consumers it drives to grow.Further, with increasing gross revenue enhancement, the product captures enough food grocery store place sh ar and gets stable in the commercialise. This is called the maturity storey. However, after just close to time, the product gets everywherepowered by la footrace scientific maturations and entry of master chance on competitors in the grocery store. Soon the product be begets noncurrent and needs to be withdrawn from the market. This is the discipline phase. This was the crux of a product life cycle theory and the graph of a products life cycle looks like a bell-shaped curve. Let us hand to a greater extent into this management theory. Introduction approach patternat later conducting thorough market look into, the community develops its product.Once the product is ready, a test market is carried out to check the viability of the product in the actual market, before it abide set foot into the mass market. Results of the test market atomic number 18 utilize to make chastening if any and hence launched into the market with various promotional strategies. Since the product has just been barge ind, result observed is very slight, market sur pillowcase is small and merchandise make up be steep (promotional cost, be of setting up distri scarcelyion channels). Thus, introduction stage is an sensory faculty creating stage and is non associated with lootsHowever, nonindulgent vigilance is required to ensure that the product premises the increase stage. Identifying hindering factors and nipping them mangle at the bud stage is life-and-death for the products future. If corrections assholenot be make or atomic number 18 impractical, the marketer withdraws the product from the market. pronounce to a greater extent on types of market re search. yield stagecoach Once the former stage goes as per expected, the sign spark has been set, however, the kick upstairs has to be kindled by suitable c be. The marketer has managed to gain consumers attention and this instant lay elaborates on increasing their products market character.As output increases, economies of scale is seen and better monetary values come about, conducing to avails in this stage. The marketer master(prenominal)tains the shade and features of the product (whitethorn add additional features) and search snitch building. The aim here is to win consumers to prefer and choose this product instead than those sold by competitors. As gross gross gross sales increase distri furtherion channels argon added and the product is marketed to a broader audience. Thus, rapid sales and profits are characteristics of this stage. demo often on marketing tools. Maturity fix upThis stage views the nigh competition as diametrical companies struggle to maintain their respective market considers. The cliche survival of the fittest is applicable here. Companies are busy monitoring products value by the consumers and its sales generation. virtually of the profits are made in this stage and research costs are minimum. Any research conducted go forth be confined to product enhancement and improvement alone. Since consumers are certain of the product, promotional and publicizing costs go away also be trim down. In the center of stiff competition, companies whitethorn even conquer their expenses in reaction to the tough times.The maturity stage is the stabilizing stage, wherein sales are gritty, scarcely their pace is slow, however, provoker fealty develops imparting profits. Read much on marketing plans. Decline submit After a period of stable growth, the revenue generated from sales of the product starts dipping due to market saturation, stiff competition and latest technological developments. The consumer loses vex in this product and begins to research other options. This stage is characterized by shrivel market share, dwindling product popularity and plummeting profits. This stage is a very delicate stage and needs to be handled wisely.The type of response contri merelyes to the future of the product. The smart set needs to deal out special efforts to raise the products popularity in the market once again, by either simplification cost of the product, tapping in the raw markets or withdrawing the product. Read more on merchandising service market Mix Marketing Tips It is pregnant to note that, not all products go through the entire life cycle. upright as how not all seeds put germinate, not all products launched into the market succeed. round flop at the introductory stage, maculation most fail to capture market share due to quick fizzling out.Moreover, some(a) marketers quick change strategies when the product reaches decline phase and by various promotional strategies reg ain the lost glory, thereby achieving cyclical maturity phases. Application of product life cycle is implicationant to marketers because via this analysis they can manage their product headspring and proscribe it from incurring wantes. A well-managed product life cycle leads to rise in profits and does not necessarily end. Product innovations, parvenue marketing strategies,etc. concords the product appealing to guests for a very long period of time.Hope this article on product life cycle theory was informative and helpful The product life-cycle theory is an frugal theory that was au becausetic by Raymond Vernon in response to the ill luck of the Heckscher-Ohlin mystify to explain the observed pattern of international slew. The theory suggests that betimes on in a products life-cycle all the parts and wear down associated with that product come from the area in which it was invented. After the product change by reversals adopted and employ in the world markets, take step by step moves away from the point of origin.In some situations, the product flexs an full point that is consequenceed by its professional artless of invention. 1 A comm except used exemplification of this is the invention, growth and work of the ad hominem computer with respect to the unit of measuremented States. The puzzle applies to labor-saving and capital-using products that (at least at firstly) cater to high-income groups. In the raw product stage, the product is produced and consumed in the US no exportation contend occurs. In the maturing product stage, mass- labor techniques are positive and unk flatn contend (in create countries) expands the US now exports the product to other au thustic countries.In the standardized product stage, achievement moves to ontogeny countries, which then export the product to real countries. The model demonst rank dynamic proportional advantage. The pastoral that has the comparative advantage in the take of the pro duct changes from the innovating ( authentic) agricultural to the develop countries. limit hide 1 Product life-cycle o1. 1 floor 1 Introduction o1. 2 typify 2 Growth o1. 3 Stage 3 Maturity o1. 4 Stage 4 coloring material o1. 5 Stage 5 Decline 2 References editProduct life-cycle at that place are four stages in a products life cycle introduction ?growth ?maturity ?saturation ?decline The reparation of exertion depends on the stage of the cycle. editStage 1 Introduction refreshing products are introduced to cope with local (i. e. , national) needs, and new products are first exported to like countries, countries with similar needs, preferences, and incomes. If we also take up similar evolutionary patterns for all countries, then products are introduced in the most pass on nations. (E. g. , the IBM PCs were produced in the US and spread quickly throughout the industrialized countries. ) editStage 2 GrowthA duplicate product is produced elsewhere and introduced in the p roperty country (and elsewhere) to capture growth in the home market. This moves achievement to other countries, unremarkably on the basis of cost of production. (E. g. , the clones of the early IBM PCs were not produced in the US. ) The Period gutter the the Maturity Stage is known as the Saturation Period. editStage 3 Maturity The industriousness contracts and concentrates the lowest cost producer wins here. (E. g. , the umpteen clones of the PC are made intimately entirely in lowest cost places. ) editStage 4 Saturation This is a period of stability.The sales of the product reach the blossom and there is no hike casualty to increase it. this stage is characterised by Saturation of sales (at the early part of this stage sales remain stable then it starts falling). It continues till substitutes enter into the market. Marketer essentialiness try to develop new and selection uses of product. editStage 5 Decline Poor countries embody the only markets for the product. in that locationfore almost all declining products are produced in developing countries. (E. g. , PCs are a very poor manikin here, mainly because there is weak expect for computers in developing countries.A better example is textiles. ) Note that a grouchy bulletproof or manufacturing (in a country) stay in a market by adapting what they make and interchange, i. e. , by riding the waves. For example, roughly 80% of the revenues of H-P are from products they did not sell five years ago. the profits go back to the host old country. ? trade theory holding that a company will begin by export its product and later beneathtake remote direct enthronisation as the product moves through its lifecycle ? As products mature, two location of sales and optimal production changes ?Affects the anxiety and flow of imports and exports ?Globalization and integration of the frugality makes this theory less valid ? handle implication ? ?Increased emphasis on technologys impact on prod uct cost ? Explained international enthronization funds ?Limitations ?Most appropriate for technology-based products ?Some products not easily characterized by stages of maturity ? Most relevant to products produced through mass production Marketing > Product Life Cycle The Product Life Cycle A products life cycle (PLC) can be divided into some(prenominal) stages characterized by the revenue generated by the product.If a curve is drawn showing product revenue over time, it whitethorn take one of some(prenominal) polar shapes, an example of which is shown below Product Life Cycle Curve The life cycle pattern whitethorn hold to a brand or to a category of product. Its duration may be as short as a a couple of(prenominal) months for a fad item or a hundred or more for product categories much(prenominal) as the gasoline-powered automobile. Product development is the incubation stage of the product life cycle. There are no sales and the degraded prepares to introduce the produ ct. As the product progresses through its life cycle, changes in the marketing mix usually are equired in vagabond to array to the evolving challenges and opportunities. Introduction Stage When the product is introduced, sales will be low until guests construct aware of the product and its benefits. Some unshakables may announce their product before it is introduced, but such(prenominal) announcements also alert competitors and accept the element of surprise. Advertising costs typically are high during this stage in order to rapidly increase customer awareness of the product and to target the early adopters. During the introductory stage the dissolute is possible to incur additional costs associated with the initial distribution of the product.These higher costs bring together with a low sales vividness usually make the introduction stage a period of negative profits. During the introduction stage, the autochthonic destruction is to establish a market and build primary demand for the product class. The following are some of the marketing mix implications of the introduction stage Product one or a couple of(prenominal) products, relatively un contrastiveiated expense largely high, assuming a skim price strategy for a high profit margin as the early adopters grease ones palms the product and the firm seeks to recoup development costs quickly.In some cases a brainstorm pricing strategy is used and introductory prices are set low to gain market share rapidly. distribution dispersion is selective and scattered as the firm commences downation of the distribution plan. forwarding Promotion is aimed at building brand awareness. Samples or trial incentives may be direct toward early adopters. The introductory promotion also is intended to convince potential resellers to sprout the product. Growth Stage The growth stage is a period of rapid revenue growth.Sales increase as more customers become aware of the product and its benefits and additi onal market segments are targeted. Once the product has been proven a winner and customers begin ask for it, sales will increase further as more retailers become implicated in carrying it. The marketing team may expand the distribution at this point. When competitors enter the market, often during the later part of the growth stage, there may be price competition and/or increase promotional costs in order to convince consumers that the firms product is better than that of the competition.During the growth stage, the goal is to gain consumer preference and increase sales. The marketing mix may be change as follows Product New product features and packaging options improvement of product quality. Price Maintained at a high level if demand is high, or snub to capture additional customers. Distribution Distribution becomes more intensive. switch discounts are token(prenominal) if resellers show a strong interest in the product. Promotion Increased advertising to build brand p reference. Maturity Stage The maturity stage is the most useful. spell sales continue to increase into this stage, they do so at a s decline pace. Because brand awareness is strong, advertising expenditures will be reduced. Competition may result in decreased market share and/or prices. The competing products may be very similar at this point, increasing the difficulty of differentiating the product. The firm places effort into encouraging competitors customers to switch, increasing physical exercise per customer, and converting non-users into customers. Sales promotions may be offered to support retailers to give the product more shelf space over competing products.During the maturity stage, the primary goal is to maintain market share and extend the product life cycle. Marketing mix decisions may include Product Modifications are made and features are added in order to differentiate the product from competing products that may fuck off been introduced. Price Possible price diminutions in response to competition charm avoiding a price war. Distribution New distribution channels and incentives to resellers in order to avoid losing shelf space. Promotion tenseness on differentiation and building of brand loyalty. Incentives to get competitors customers to switch.Decline Stage dismantletually sales begin to decline as the market becomes saturated, the product becomes technologically obsolete, or customer tastes change. If the product has create brand loyalty, the advantageousness may be maintained longer. Unit costs may increase with the declining production volumes and eventually no more profit can be made. During the decline phase, the firm generally has deuce-ace options Maintain the product in hopes that competitors will exit. Reduce costs and find new uses for the product. Harvest it, reduce marketing support and coasting along until no more profit can be made. Discontinue the product when no more profit can be made or there is a replacin g product. The marketing mix may be modified as follows Product The number of products in the product line may be reduced. Rejuvenate surviving products to make them look new again. Price Prices may be glowered to liquidate caudex of dis keep products. Prices may be maintained for continued products serving a respite market. Distribution Distribution becomes more selective. transmit that no longer are profitable are phased out. Promotion Expenditures are lower and aimed at reinforcing the brand image for continued products.Limitations of the Product Life Cycle fantasy The term life cycle implies a well-defined life cycle as observed in living organisms, but products do not cede such a predictable life and the particularized life cycle curves followed by different products vary substantially. Consequently, the life cycle concept is not well-suited for the forecasting of product sales. Furthermore, critics father argued that the product life cycle may become self-fulfillin g. For example, if sales peak and then decline, managers may conclude that the product is in the decline phase and therefore cut the advertising budget, thus precipitating a further decline.Nonetheless, the product life cycle concept helps marketing managers to plan substitute marketing strategies to address the challenges that their products are in all probability to face. It also is useful for monitoring sales results over time and comparing them to those of products having a similar life cycle. Marketing > Product LifecycleThe Product Cycle and its Implications Let us begin by reviewing Vernons lead-in points regarding the technological and geographical transitions of industries. His product-cycle paradigm suggested that an manufacturings combat will go through a predictable series of stages To begin with, U.S. -controlled enterprises generate new products and processes in response to the high per capita income and the relative availableness of productive factors in the unite States they introduce these products or processes abroad through exports when their export position is threatened they establish foreign subsidiaries to exploit what system of their advantage they obey their oligopolistic advantage for a period of time, then lose it as the basis for the victor lead is completely eroded. (1971 66) succession Vernons main objective was to explain the causes and events of foreign investment, the stages that he identified also implied that an persistences perspective on trade insuranceComment on Deardorff 2 will evolve. Industries can be expected to favor control surface markets when they are competitive and to favor protection when they are not. Deardorffs analysis is largely accordant with this cycle, but brings into closer consideration the exercise of developing countries exports in challenging the developed countries industries.While I am largely in agreement with the basic points raised by both Vernon and Deardorff, I would suggest both valuation reserves. The first is that a different policy question may be in order. To paraphrase, Deardorffs question seems to be, Will developed countries respond to increased competition from developing countries by erecting new barriers to trade? I would instead ask, How will the interests of declining industries in developed countries affect the pace and form of new trade extensiveization? While I understand the usefulness of the simplifying premise that the two countries in the model are initially engaged in part with trade (ibid. 3), I think it is every bit simple and more realistic to begin with the assumption that restrictions to trade already exist. It would be a great exaggeration to call option that the WTO rules are so watertight as to prevent countries from imposing any new restrictions on trade, but I would language with the suggestion that we simply assume that increased import competition will lead the sexual union to implement a tariff on imports (ib id. 9). The get through record for both legislated protection 1 and safeguards cases 2 suggests that protectionist industries afford had little success in winning support from government.The invite trend of the past half century has been towards the reduction of tariffs and (more recently) the replacement or excretory product of quotas. In an environment of declining tariff barriers, the best that most protectionist industries can hope for is to unspoiled a pledge that their products be exempted from reductions. Even when one acknowledges the continuation of peak tariffs in some industries and the mischief that can be done with antidumping duties and other instruments of protection, the fact remains that markets are much more pass on today than they were in decades past.Moreover, the rules are more comprehensive and enforceable under the WTO than they were under the GATT. The plunk for important departure is that the begin of options is not limited to a divided choice be tween free trade or protection. Beyond the almost footling point that there are more degrees of well-definedness, representing every step from zero barriers to confiscatory levels of protection, inequality is an equally important consideration. Here the rules of the GATT and WTO have been permissive.Free trade agreements (FTAs) and customs unions are deductible exceptions to the general rule of comprehensive most-favored-nation word (provided that they meet the requirements of GATT Article XXIV), and discriminative trade programs such as the generalize System of Preferences (GSP) are granted waivers. While each of these options provide for more liberal trade, and many extend special treatment to developing countries, they are widely seen as a second-best alternative to non prejudiced liberalization.For reasons that I explore below, however, the increasing use of these judicial instruments can also be visualised as a natural consequence of the product cycle. 1 Although th ere have been many efforts since the Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act of 1930 to reenact bills imposing tariffs or quotas on imports, no major bills have been enacted over a presidential veto. There have been several instances, however, in which presidents felt obliged to make concessions to protectionist demands in order to win congressional approving of some other market-opening possibility (especially new grants of negotiating authority or the approval of a trade agreement).In other words, some of the rare steps backward have been price for making two steps forward. 2 Petitioners have succeeded in winning import protection in only 23 of the 70 cases considered in the pull back century since enactment of the current safeguards uprightness (section 201 of the profession Act of 1974). Comment on Deardorff 3 Implications of the Product Cycle for Trade Policy The product-cycle model could be used to explain any one of threesome approaches to trade policy.Depending on how one views the interests of firms and the responses of government, the cycle could be predicted to encourage more open markets, more protection, or more discrimination. below the benign view that seems implicit in Vernons analysis, the product cycle can be portrayed as a progressive mechanism. A country with an in effect(p) process of creative destruction could hypothetically sustain a permanent free-trade orientation, with few or no exceptions for specific industries.Vernons views were similar to those of Schumpeter (1936), who believed that a combination of entrepreneurial innovation and periodic depressions provided just such an engine of progress. A real free-trading country would regularly produce a new crop of innovators, opus firms that lost their combat would either find new lines of work or be swept away when the business cycle swung downward. The survivors favor open markets. This Darwinian optimism is challenged, however, if firms and workers in a declining industry refuse to go quietly into that in force(p) night.A more pessimistic interpretation is that old firms and their workers do not always conveniently disappear or get reabsorbed into the economy, but instead seek ways to keep alive even after they pass their prime. Deardorffs analysis falls into this second category. He concludes that factor owners in the developed country will respond to a competitive challenge by demanding and receiving protection. I offer yet a trey alternative, in which the product cycle encourages the reduction of trade barriers but does so in an increasingly discriminatory fashion.My adjustment of Vernons model, which is illustrated in Figure 1, departs from the original in two ways. First, I believe that a wider range of stages should be represented in the model. Second, I more explicitly subject what the trade (in addition to the investment) preferences of an industry will be as it passes through these stages. My adaptation recognizes that the policy options available to industries and countries are not limited to opening or ending the market, but also allow for discriminatory initiatives that better lend themselves to manipulation on behalf of specific firms or trading partners.The stages index respectively be termed pre-competitive, semi-competitive, competitive, and post-competitive. The distinctions between industries in stages 2, 3, and 4A are particularly important. Each one of these stages is pro-trade, but they favor different emphases in both the objectives and form of trade agreements. scarcely the Stage 3A industry is the pure free-trader. Industries in stages 2, 3B, and 4A each take a more qualified approach to open markets, and may be reluctant to support universal liberalization.An industrys most searing choice comes in the fourth stage, when it mustiness choose between retreat into the national market or relocation of its production offshore. The initial decision to invest foreign might have been made in an earlier stage, prom pted by such several(a) objectives as gaining or maintaining access to a large and protected foreign market, winning advantage of lower wage rates and less restrictive regulatory environments, or reducing transportation costs. When an industrys competitiveness declines, however, it could decide to shift most or all of its production offshore.Those firms that become international producers (Stage 4A) acquire interests and preferences very different from those that do not (Stage 4B). A multinational producer will be much more favorably disposed towards open markets than a mature domestic industry, but will not inevitably be a paragon of free-trade purism. These producers may apprehend a strong incentive to support discriminatory options, especially if they create refuge markets at home or abroad. mansion or so Privacy Reprints Terms of UseCopyright 2002-2010 NetMBA. com. exclusively rights reserved. This web site is operated by the earnings Center for solicitude and Bus iness Administration, Inc. hunting NetMBA Site Information Home About Privacy Reprints Terms of Use Marketing Accounting Economics Finance Management Marketing Operations Statistics Strategy ? ?In recent years an extensive theoretical literature has been offered examining the implications of the product cycle (PC) model of trade (Hirsch 1967 Vernon 1966). 1) Emphasizing knowledge transfers, Krugman (1979) constructed a general equilibrium model consisting of an innovating sexual union country and an imitating in the south country. (2) A key implication of the PC is that the North must continually innovate in the face of the southmosts ability to eventually imitate each new product. The flying-geese (FG) theory (inter alia, Akamatsu, 1935 Kojima, 2000, 2003 Ozawa, 1993, 2001, 2005) elaborates on the mature stage of the PC by examining conditions under which an initially imitating to the south country itself looses the comparative advantage in producing the mature product due to rising labor costs.The loss in comparative advantage results in the further and concomitant transfer of production to less developed other south countries and the accompanying cycle of the Norths import market among themselves, a phenomenon that can be called market or comparative advantage recycling (Ozawa, 1993 linked Nations Conference on Trade and Development, 1995). ?This article specifically examines one particular mature PC import, TV sets, in the U. S. arket and its changing pattern of exporting economies from eastside Asiafirst, from lacquer and then from the Newly Industrializing Economies (NIEs) (Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, and South Korea), from the Association of Southeast Asiatic Nations-4 (ASEAN-4) (Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines), and more recently, from China. ?True, technological progress continues in the TV set industry (e. g. , digitalization, flat-panel sets, and high definition TV HDTV), but set manufacturing has very much disappea red in the join States (Chandler, 2001).Incremental innovations are now being introduced mostly in the South/follower countries themselves, especially in Japan and South Korea. easternmost Asia has emerged as the worlds largest stringency of consumer electronics production. (3) In this sense, TV sets are sure as shooting a mature product for the coupled States (too mature to be retained). In short, our train examines the phenomenon of PC-based imports and market recycling as witnessed in the United States and explores policy implications for both North and South countries in the age of globalization. There have been several tests for the existence of the PC. Tsurumi and Tsurumi (1980) prepare support for the PC by determine that the U. S. price elasticity of demand for color TV sets increased over time as U. S. consumers chose between domestic- and Japanese-produced color TV sets. Audretsch (1987) also launch support by determining that growth industries tend to be more R D orientated while mature industries allocate fewer resources to this activity.Cantwell (1995) concluded that over time the share of patents of multinational corporations located abroad increased for most countries from 1920 to 1990, which supported the internationalization of investment by technological leaders. Gagnon and Rose (1995) piece that a trade surplus (deficit) of a commodity is likely to persist over a long period of time, a trend that is counter to the PC and more consistent with factor proportions theory (which closely parallels the FG theory). ?Econometric tests for the FG theory have been limited.Dowling and Cheang (2000) found support for the FG theory by utilizing both Balassas revealed comparative advantage index and foreign direct investment (FDI) ratios for eastern Asian countries. Using Spearman rank correlation coefficients and examining three periods (1970-95, 1970-85, and 1985-95), they found that economic development trickled down from Japan to the NIEs a nd then to ASEAN-4. Cutler et al. (2003) analyzed labor-intensive trade data from Japan, the NIEs, the ASEAN-4, and China to the United States and found support for the FG theory (market recycling). In this article, we are interested in test for the dynamics of the combined PC-FG framework. Using annual data from 1961 to 2002 for TV sets, we use cointegration techniques to omen a system of multiple cointegrated vectors representing the sequential transfer of the U. S. TV import market from Japan to the NIEs, to the ASEAN-4, and finally to China. We develop a methodology of interpreting both the cointegrating vectors and the speeds of adjustment as a technique to test for the recycling of the U. S. import market among the einsteinium Asian economies.We argue that our analysis has implications for the rising HDTV and flat-panel TV sets markets as well as patterns of behavior in lower developed South countries such as China, Vietnam, and India as these countries are energeticly act inward FDI in higher value-added industries. ? piece II presents the theoretical framework, and section triplet provides the data and background information about the regions TV set manufacturing. Section IV discusses the empirical techniques and results of the analysis. Section V touches on policy implications and offers conclusions. ?II.CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ?Electronics is an R & D-based industry where new products and processes are constantly innovated and competitiveness shifts from one product to some other sequentially, an industry that is characterized by short PCs. The Schumpeterian concept of creative destruction aptly applies to innovators home markets. A fast pace of technological standardization and maturity for a given new product leads to an equally swift outer shift of production from the innovators (North) country to afield, as conceptualized in the PC theory of trade and investment.In the early developmental phase of electronics, the United States was the d ominant source of innovations, as seen in the original PC theory (Hirsch, 1967 Vernon, 1966), but other countries in Europe and East Asia also soon emerged as active innovators, as presented in the revised reading (Vernon, 1979). Nonetheless, the United States still continues to play the major roles of both technology and market providers to East Asian economies.Yet, as described in the original PC theory, conventional TV sets and many other mature electronic products have followed the typical pattern of a sequence from U. S. domestic production to exports, to overseas production, and to imports. (4) These imports come mostly from East Asia. ?What is equally interesting is that once an electronic product becomes a mature commodity, whose competitiveness is fundamentally determined by labor costs, its production shifts from one South country to another in the persistent search of lower cost labor.This development is facilitated especially when lower echelon South countries liberaliz e their trade and investment regimes so as to attract production from higher developed South countries. such(prenominal) a successive transmigration of production of a standardized product therefore exhibits a changing pattern of production over time within the South countries, while the United States remains the major import market.This phenomenon of production transmigration down the intraregional hierarchy of South countries differentiated in terms of the stages of economic development and the levels of technological sophistication is captured in the FG model. ?Viewed in the above light, the PC theory and the FG model complement each other, as schematically illustrated in Figure 1. A new product is innovated first in a high-income (high-wage) country like the United States and initially manufactured and exported from the innovators home country (i. e. , the introduction and growth stages, from ?