Final Exam Prep Questions

1) The term channel in communication means A. the volume at which a message is received B. the context of the communication C. the process of changing thoughts into symbols D. the medium through which a message travels from sender to receiver 2) In which of the following communication activities do people spend the greatest percent of their day? A. Listening B. Writing C. Reading D. Speaking 3) A receiver’s response to a sender’s message is called A. encoding B. decoding C. feedback D. channel 4) With this type of response, you analyze or teach the sender about the cause of his or her concern.A. Evaluating B. Interpreting C. Paraphrasing D. Questioning 5) This happens when you receive, construct meaning from, and respond to the sender’s message. A. Hearing B. Attending C. Listening D. Responding 6) When the receiver uses this response style, he clarifies or seeks more information. A. Evaluating B. Supporting C. Paraphrasing D. Questioning 7) Which of the followin g are the most common types of doubts people may have about a source? A. Status and academic degree B. Occupation and employer C. Prominence in the field of study and experience D. Expertise and accuracy ) Which of the following is the most reliable source of information? A. Wikipedia ® B. A blog C. A book recommended by your instructor D. Britannica Online ® BCOM 275 Final Exam 9) Consider the following exchange: â€Å"How do I know God exists? How do you know he doesn’t? † Which fallacy does the second statement illustrate? A. Perfectionist fallacy B. Slippery slope C. Misplacing the burden of proof D. Inconsistency ad hominem 10) Stating someone has negative features and his claim is invalid is an example of which fallacy? A. Ad hominem B. Genetic fallacy C. Straw man D. False dilemma Feature Article Fin 486 Final Exam11) Consider the following statement: â€Å"So what if the Senator accepted a little kickback money—most politicians are corrupt after all. † This is an example of which fallacy? A. Argument from envy B. Argument from tradition C. Argument from common practice D. Straw man BCOM275 Final Exam 12) Consider the following statement: â€Å"Studies confirm what everyone already knows: Smaller class sizes make better learners. † This is an example of which fallacy? A. Argument from common practice B. Begging the question C. Misplacing the burden of proof D.Slippery slope 13) Audience analysis should occur at what point in the creation of a message? A. Once feedback is received B. Before the message is sent C. Before the message is created D. After selecting the channel 14) Behavior descriptions should meet which of the following criteria? A. Present inferences about another’s motives. B. Describe only observable behaviors. C. Inc lude terms such as â€Å"never, always, or constantly. † D. Focus on more than one behavior. 15) An effective message should be A. topic-based B. audience-centered C. time-centered D. channel-focused 6) Which informal communication channel involves its own abbreviations to accommodate the limited number of characters available in any given message? A. E-mail B. Text message C. Voicemail message D. Handwritten letters 17) Sound and light waves are an example of which part of the communication model? A. Encoding B. Channel C. Noise D. Decoding 18) In this channel of communication, messages are carried by sound and light waves. A. Teleconference B. Voicemail C. Hard copy memos D. Face-to-face 19) A framework for putting all of your information together in a logical sequence is called A. an introduction B. a thesis C. central idea D. an outline 20) Which verbal support breaks down complex processes or concepts into their component parts to ensure understanding? A. Comparisons B. Analyses C. Descriptions D. Definitions 21) What type of language is used when communicating with classmates, coworkers, family, and friends? A. Official B. Informal C. Formal D. Ceremonial 22) The connotation of words such as skinny or thin focuses on the A. actual meaning B. denotative meaning C. emotional meaning D. contextual meaning 23) If you try to persuade your classmates to donate canned goods for the hungry in your community, your topic is one of A. olicy B. fact C. value D. pathos 24) Persuasive topics that attempt to show an audience that something is good, bad, right, or wrong are topics of A. cause-effect B. fact C. value D. policy 25) If you use only a few examples to represent the whole of the conclusion, you are committing this logical fallacy. A. Either/or thinking B. Slippery slope C. Faulty causation D. Hasty generalization 26) What logical fallacy can occur when a speaker focuses on similarities and ignores significant differences? A. Either/or thinking B. Hasty generalization C. Faulty comparison D. Slippery slope 7) When you display ethos in your persuasive presentation, you have A. credibility B. emotion C. evidence D. logic 28) Developing cross-cultural competence includes which of the following? A. Overcoming personal biases B. Walking on eggs C. Separating culture from communication D. Using hot button words 29) An attempt to characterize causes of events to either personalities or external situations is called A. projection B. selective attention C. attribution error D. halo effect 30) Groups that value higher power distance believe relationships are A. individualist B. informal C. hierarchical D. elationship oriented 31) What is the belief that laws are justified if they prevent a person from harming him- or herself known as? A. Offense principle B. Legal moralism C. Harm principle D. Legal paternalism 32) What is the belief that correct moral principles are those accepted by the correct religion known as? A. Religious absolutism B . Virtue ethics C. Religious relativism D. Moral relativism 33) The practice of using a case that has already been decided as a guide when deciding new cases is referred to as A. legal morality B. legal paternalism C. causation principle D. appeal to precedent

American football and Hard Work Essay

He was born to play football, someone who is 270 pounds and five percent body fat and only 19 years old and could go anywhere to play football. He went to a big ten college, Michigan. Now Elwood Reid was a man of hard work and discipline and would never give up. He worked hard ever single play from whistle to whistle. Even when he was in server pain he would never give up because he didn’t want to be called a quitter. Now there were two parts to Reid, one part of him wanted to belong or fit in with the team or be one of the â€Å"fellas†. Reid went to parties and he drank beer and liquor and did all the bad stuff just to fit in. The second part of him loved to read books and enjoyed going to class but never want to be himself. He ended up beating his body to the end and could no longer play. So after college he moved to Alaska to get away from football and start a new life, Therefore, Football is the best way to learn self discipline and character. Football Is also is a great way of learning what hard work means and in order to put hard work in you have to be able to put your body on the line. Now don’t think football is just a sport for hitting people and putting your body in pain, you can also make friends for the rest of your life and it also teaches life lessons. From the age of three years old I was brought up with the idea that football is everything. My dad had me in the backyard throwing a football that was bigger than my head. From the first time I ever stepped out on the practice field I was always told â€Å"boys, now in order to be a notable player you have to have discipline, show hard work and have character†. That saying stayed with me to this day and now I’m in college playing football and it will be there all my life. You have to have discipline when listening to what your coach teaches you what you have to learn to be great player. You have to have discipline watching the ball and not jumping off sides. Hard work ties in with discipline as well, I would stay after practice to catch balls and run routes because I wanted to be the best. Even on the weekends when nothing was going on I would be at some field running and getting better. â€Å"Domination through hard work man† for the coach of the big ten school. I have this one saying as well and it goes â€Å"The harder you work, the harder it is to surrender†. Basically this makes me work hard and do the things I’m suppose to do while on and off the field. If everyone on a team has discipline, character and hard work you can have a successful team full of champions. Now I somewhat agree with Reid, but sometimes things go way too far. This has to do a lot with character. My old high school coach school would say â€Å"what are you doing when nobody is looking†. I would go to a party and wonder sometimes, â€Å"dang I wonder what Coach Ru would say right now†. See now, Reid, when he would go to a party he always thought† I should be doing this right now†, I should probably leave†, but then he wouldn’t be part of the â€Å"fellas†. Now this is where its wrong just because someone else is doing it doesn’t mean you have to do it too. This is basically saying if Billy jumps then I will. When I was out somewhere and something felt wrong I was always thinking what would happen if I got in trouble it could affect my family and my team. I mean I went out and partied but did it under control. The point I am trying to make is just do what feels right to you and be yourself. You throw on your shoulder pads, put on your helmet and tie your shoes and your ready to play, hit and get hit. Reid was right about everything, you play with pain because if you don’t you will be called a quitter. I’ve learned to play with pain because football is a sport in which you’re going to get hurt. You’re throwing your body into people, getting knocked down. For example here at Catawba College there is always someone getting hurt during practice. Either it’s a hurt shoulder, hurt knee or getting the wind knocked out of them. But one thing that Elwood is wrong about is that when you get hurt things are more serious here. Coaches don’t call you quitters and team mates don’t make fun of you. When you get hurt here, it’s taken seriously you’re looked at, you have to be in the training room everyday twice a day. My point here is that football is a pain sport but you just have to live with it and except that there is going to be rough times but you just have to get through it. As you can see after what you read about Reid, getting a scholarship to college isn’t easy. But for me it was basically the same thing, I started out my freshman year on junior varsity. I was the starting wide receiver; I made awesome catches and was the best one on the field. I wasn’t the biggest, but have always been the tallest, but what made so good was all the hard work and discipline I had. But the last couple games of the season I got moved up to varsity which was awesome. The next year, my sophomore year, I finally got moved up to varsity at the beginning of the year. I really wasn’t playing so I worked my butt off in practice and it finally came through, by the start of our conference I was starting. Until then I never thought football would take me to college, but after that I was confident. My junior year came and I was all-conference, all-Mecklenburg and my coach was making highlight films and coaches were coming to see me and I was going to camps to showcase my talents. Senior year came and scouts were coming and one coach who really caught my attention was Coach Nick Toth from the Citadel. Citadel would have offered but I got screwed when a five year senior decided to return. It really made me mad, but when adversity is put in your way, you just have to stomp right over it. So here I am at Catawba now, on a full scholarship and I love everything about it. I am proof that you can be an individual and do what you love at the same time.

Developing a conceptual framework is an impossible possibility Essay - 2

Developing a conceptual framework is an impossible possibility - Essay Example Conceptual frameworks have been constantly changed from them. However, individual organizations have come up with their own conceptual frameworks that suit specific organizational needs. A conceptual framework provides an over view of how things should be done in an organization. It is a coherent system of related objectives and fundamentals that should lead to consistent standards that prescribe the nature, function, and limits of financial accounting and financial statements.† (Foulks Lynch 1998) A conceptual framework development takes time. The worst part is that once it is ready, hardly any of those principles are applied since the dynamic economic environment will be experiencing other challenges. Conceptual framework is like a constitution in financial accounting that stipulates its nature, function and its limits. The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) also came up with an internationally recognized conceptual framework, which aims at streamlining the accou nting principles worldwide. This promotes external investments. The second function of the conceptual framework is to solve any emerging problems in the accounting sector. This explains why the boards are constantly reviewing the conceptual framework to suite the new challenges. ... The risk of not having a conceptual framework is the cropping up of haphazard standards. Without standards, businesses will even come up with their own frameworks that give them an advantage over others. This will lead to inconsistence in the basic principles. A strong conceptual framework will shield the financial sector from manipulation by other powerful forces such as the politicians and other interested parties. The process of developing a conceptual framework is done through a long deliberation among the board members. A good framework forms a good basis for a company. The advantages of a conceptual framework are as follows. It establishes standards that are logical and consistent. The CF stipulates rules and policies on how certain things should be carried out. The company will not just act anyhow, but it will be guided by certain rules, which maintain standardization. The conceptual framework provides rules to be followed when no other accounting principle can be applied. In accounting, rules are followed to the letter, but in some cases, there are no rules. The conceptual framework will come in; though most of its rules are general, they deal with all aspects of accounting. A conceptual framework builds the public trust in accounting. Financial reports and statements are known to be credible. This is because the public knows that there are bodies that set principles to govern them. Other advantages of the conceptual framework include avoiding conflict between user groups and ensuring accountability. The demerit of the conceptual framework is that it does not address the needs of the diverse users. There is no conceptual framework that can address the needs of everybody, and that is

B300 TMA06 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

B300 TMA06 - Essay Example Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE), which compose the bulk of the population of the Persian Gulf states, have a rapidly growing export base, as evidenced by a 12 percent increase in exports between 1990 and 1994. The region's international airports--Tehran International, Dubai, Jeddah, and Riyadh International--experienced more than a 50 percent increase in international air passengers between 1988 and 1994. The number of weekly international flights at Tehran International, Dubai International Airport, and Riyadh International increased by 6.3 percent from 1983 to 1993 (Withiam, 1994). In addition, the number of international markets served by Tehran, Dubai, and Riyadh has increased from twenty-two to 102 destinations in more than fifty-seven countries around the world (Journal of Commerce, 1994). Between 1983 and 1993, the region accounted for a 2.1 percent global market share in air passengers, and for 2.3 percent of the world's revenue passenger-kilometers in 1991, In 1992 the port of Sharja in the UAE handled 37,400 ton-equivalent units (TEU), a 146 percent increase over 1991, and about fifty-five thousand TEU in 1993. There is an increased inflow of international investment in this region. The region's major international strengths include oil and natural gas, major international airports, ports along the Persian Gulf, high disposable income per household, an educated labor force, a growing high technology industrial base, and world-class financial centers. In addition, the region is home to many international and regional organizations. In the aftermath of the Arab-Israeli peace accord, people feel more confident about the stability of the region.The region has many weaknesses. These weaknesses include a lack of positive image, a serious need for surface transportation improvements, a lack of efficient and speedy bureaucracies, a perceived high cost of doing business, inadequacies in the workforce, and the absence of a single entity to promote the region internationally. The Persian Gulf region has neither the competitive international reputation nor the economic-development focus of other compe ting regions. As such, it is not a priority location choice for American and Western European investors. The region possesses the basic assets and intellectual talents to compete with any region on the globe. However, it must operate, harmonize, and engage its combined resources to move forward in a deliberate effort to improve its international competitiveness ( Porter, 1986). The Middle East must have a regional business policy which will be crafted by a regional international business council. This business council will be made up of public and private sector representatives. The business council needs to make a long-term commitment to increase the Middle East region's international competitiveness and to develop an integrated strategy for marketing it more effectively. In order to reduce uncertainty and provide greater economic stability, the Gulf countries must unite and develop a business policy that will diversify their economies. For this business policy to work, they need to focus on foreign investment and technology, subsequently enhancing the countries' ability to attract, absorb, and become globally competitive. There are three pending urgent actions that the Gulf countries need to undertake. One, develop a spirit of public and private partnership. Two, improve the region's internat

Security Manager Role Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Security Manager Role - Essay Example Organizations are now seeking for both technical and management experts for managing security. A security manager must establish policies, standards, procedures and guidelines to make a repeatable and documented security practices within the organization. Security breaches are constantly happening and there is a requirement of periodic security risk assessment to address potential vulnerabilities and mitigate threat by implementing controls. Moreover, security governance is considered as a pre-requisite before establishing a security management program within the organization. Security governance facilitates in creating awareness at the senior management and board of the organization. Once the advantages are understood, the security management program will be successful to some extent and management will actively participate in every day security functions, as security is a responsibility of all personnel. We will discuss the role of a security manager in three different domains alon g with responsibilities and associated tasks. Role of Security Manager Organizing information systems is defined as the series of activities that are associated with information handling. Organizations expand their business gradually. For instance, strategic plan for any financial institution is to open a branch on every quarter of the year depending on stable revenue and defined achieved objectives. The security manager creates security strategy that must be aligned with the business strategic plan and addresses security issues. Similarly, the expansion of the organization create more risks and increases the workload for handling information because the maintenance, storage and exchange of information has now become more than ever before. The security manager analyzes configuration management and change management activities to eliminate any security weakness and loopholes. Information handling takes place on three levels i.e. formal level, informal level and technical level (Dhill on, 2007). The formal information system is associated with communication from third parties, suppliers, contractors, clients, regulatory authorities and financial sectors. As the word formal says for itself, it is a process in which the security manager ensures that the rules are followed and establishes security baselines and standards for business processes that must be followed. As non-compliance may become a threat to the business or critical assets. Likewise, the security manager automates all the formal processes and procedures for defining a standard as well as effectiveness and efficiency but it is not sufficient. The informal information system is the second type of information handling that occurs in the organization. The informal information system demonstrated a culture within a culture i.e. sub culture that defines the purpose of understanding. Likewise, it is the system where security manager establishes consensuses and beliefs that are recognized by liaising with key stake holders. Moreover, employees get to know due care and due diligence for performing their responsibilities and tasks. However, modification and changes are also made at the same stage, as informal system facilitates the formal system by a natural way. Moreover, different groups of people can be created, as the

Qui tam and whistle blowing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Qui tam and whistle blowing - Assignment Example Having a system that allows for anonymous reporting of frauds should be incorporated especially in the private sector to check the massive loss of taxpayer money. This paper briefly looks at a scenario touching on Qui tam and seeks to give a recommendation on its place in the corporate world. Joseph Wellington definitely handled the question satisfactorily or even appropriately; he just spoke of the need for sufficient grounds to initiate a qui tam. He did not explain briefly what it is, its merits, and what the policy of his firm in whistle blowing is. Having a credible case could be a policy but it should be part of a more elaborate policy for Josephs’ organization. The first step in answering the question would be to explain briefly what Qui tam is and how it applies to the organization. Qui tam is a provision within the federal claims act modified in 1986, which grants a whistleblower who initiates a qui tam (a suit) on behalf of the United States government between 15 and 25 percent of funds, the federal government recovers. The government recovers these funds due to the actions and evidence of the whistleblower against fraudulent claims that lead to wastage or loss of federal funds to entities that make false claims against it. The company policy on Qui tam is open; you can initiate legal proceedings whenever there is sufficient evidence to suggest false claims were made against the federal government. Workers are protected in the event that they take Qui tam action against the company. However, all employees must take the requisite steps to ensure this is not abused and that company secrets are kept that way (Johnson, 2003). The company sh ould have a policy for whistle blowing which can be done securely and anonymously without exposing the whistle blower. This; Mr. Joseph should have said is part of the company’s fraud reduction strategy which could end up saving the company rather than an uncomfortable topic to be brushed over. Whistle

Clinical use of Forgiveness Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Clinical use of Forgiveness - Research Paper Example motes healthy interpersonal relations as it makes it easier people to get along with each other in good spirit and with no grudges held against one another (Braaten and Darling, 1962). It is based on such studies that the current research paper is being conducted as a means of using quantitative strategies and data collection approaches to test the validity of this position held in literature. But more importantly, the researcher holds the position that before the benefits of forgiveness can be experienced there must first be a means by which forgiveness can take place. In the light of this, the study also focuses on selected factors that can influence the ability of people to forgive each other. On the whole, the study comes as a two-way approach which first focuses on factors that bring about forgiveness and the outcome of forgiveness. To do this, a various sample sizes made up of people with some level of religious background and those with no religious backgrounds were set. The reason for doing this was to measure religiosity and its impact on affecting a person to be forgiving. There were different outcomes that were measured in the various sample groups. These included behavior, affect and cognition. Later in the study, the findings of the intervention on its ability to lead to forgives and the outcome of such interventions are presented and discussed. It is widely known that religiosity and forgiveness have a positive impact on an individual’s psychological, emotional, and physical wellbeing. Numerous studies have attested to the fact that religiosity and forgiveness moderate the growth of suicidal ideation, especially for adolescents. However, even though these correlations are well-documented further research is still needed in this area because of some major gaps in the literature, like the use of cross-cultural methods in examining the correlation between forgiveness and suicidal ideation. Therefore, this study formulated three hypotheses,

Strategic Management of Toyota Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Strategic Management of Toyota - Case Study Example The information for this paper will be retrieved from internet databases, online libraries, newspapers, journals, and books. This will ensure that the information is succinct and relates to the strategies of Toyota and all the aspects of strategic management that are in the firm. The key concerns will be the environmental scanning, strategy formulation, levels of strategies, the production levels strategy and the latest developments in strategic management. Environmental scanning is one of the most significant components of the strategic plan of any company. This is because a business does not exist in a vacuum and will often suffer from the effects of its environment. A company like Toyota has set shop in parts of the world and continues with its strategy of expanding so as to provide the whole world with the safest and most responsible means of transport. For this company environmental scanning is one of the most significant environmental global analysis. It involves activities in environmental monitoring, forecast, and assessment. The global environment includes that macro environment, which is made up of industries, markets, companies, clients and competitors. There is also the micro level's environment, which is made up of customers, suppliers, and competitors. In the environmental scanning, the firm mainly concentrates on the macro environment as the microenvironment is best dealt with at the industry or business level analysis. Environmental scanning refers to the study and interpretation of the political, economic, social, technological developments, legal issues and other tends in the business world that are likely to affect the company’s operations. The primary factors, which the firm needs to consider in the environmental scanning are events, expectations, and trends of the different groups that have an interest in the firm’s operations. These issues are mostly the forerunners in a company’s trend break. A trend break, in this ca se, refers to a shift in the value people lay on the business or technological innovation that paradigms a change. A firm like Toyota needs to constantly analyze its business environment so as to keep up with the trends and changes in the market. Trends seem to reoccur and change often, whereas issues in the business environment may either be temporary or permanent (Freeman 2010). The execution of s strategy in any organization goes through three phases, these are diagnosis, formulation and implementation stages. For Toyota strategic management is a continuous process to develop and revise the future-based strategies that allow the organization to continue being in the lead in the car production industry in the world for many years to come. The strategy allows the firm to achieve both its short term and long term objectives.

Is football to dangerous Essay Example for Free

Is football to dangerous Essay The life threatening spinal-cord injury that Buffalo Bills tight end Kevin Everett suffered on Sunday while trying to make a tackle adds urgency to a question that gnaws at the NFL with each passing season — is playing pro football worth the risks? Everett, 25, remains sedated and on a respirator at Millard Fillmore Gates Hospital in Buffalo following surgery to relieve the pressure on his spine. His orthopedic surgeon, Dr. Andrew Cappucino, had said Everetts chances of walking again are bleak or dismal. However, after Everett voluntarily moved his arms and legs on Tuesday, Cappuccino reportedly told a Buffalo TV station we may be witnessing a minor miracle. Its only the first week of the season, but already the list of injured players is growing. Both New York quarterbacks — Eli Manning of the Giants and Chad Pennington of the Jets — may miss games because of shoulder and ankle injuries, respectively. Orlando Pace, the all-pro offensive lineman from the St. Louis Rams, tore the labrum and rotator cuff in his right shoulder. He will miss the season. A steady stream of injuries marred Cincinnatis thrilling 27-20 win over the Baltimore Ravens Monday night: about a dozen Ravens visited the team doctor Tuesday morning for treatment. None, however, compare to Everetts tragic injury. The third-year Bill suffered a fracture and disclocation of his spine, in which the C3 and C4 vertebrae in his spinal cord were telescoped when he went in to tackle the Broncos Domenik Hixon on a kickoff return. Everetts helmeted head made contact with the hard plastic of Hixons shoulder pad, and he immediately dropped to the ground, his spinal cord shocked by the impact. He had a compressive load to his spine, and the spine doesnt handle those kinds of loads very well, says Dr. Joseph Kowalski, director of the Spine Center at Erie County Medical Center, and an orthopedic specialist who has spoken with Everetts doctors. This caused the vertebrae to separate and fracture. Of immediate concern with such a trauma are the ABCs — airway, breathing and circulation. Because the nerves that control breathing are located in the C3-4 area of the spine, doctors on the field and in the emergency room were initially focused on making sure that Everetts breathing and blood pressure were maintained. Kowalski notes that in the hours following his injury, Everett did have some sensation in his legs, although he could not move them. That could be an encouraging sign, but spine experts have seen enough spinal cord injuries to know that every case is different, and early response is not always a good indicator of later recovery. Everett may have damaged his spine in the way he dove in for his tackle, with a move known as spearing, in which a player contacts his opponent head first. Because the head and spine are aligned, in this position the spine tends to bear the brunt of the blow, which is why the National Collegiate Athletic Association banned spear tackling in 1976. Beginning in grade school, players are now taught to keep their head up during a tackle, and a sign reminding players to SEE WHAT YOU HIT! hangs in every NFL locker room. I played 20 years ago in high school, and my coaches really pounded home the need for good form, to keep the head up to maintain the curvature of the head and spine to dissipate any forces from impact, says Dr. Andrew Sama, spinal surgeon at the Hospital for Special Surgery in New York City. But everything happens so fast on the field, all it takes is a tiny change in head position to get you in trouble . It doesnt help that todays players are also bigger, faster and stronger, which means that each impact packs more punch. Since 1985, the average weight of NFL players has ballooned 10%, to 248 pounds, according to a recent study by Scripps Howard News Service. The heaviest position, offensive tackle, has gone from 281 pounds two decades ago to 318 pounds today. So, the dozens of high-speed hits that happen every game carry a higher likelihood of potentially hazardous results. While catastrophic injuries like Everetts remain rare, reports of concussions and other severe trauma on the football field are starting to pile up even at the high school and college level. In a study of high school and college football players published last summer, the American Orthopedic Society for Sports Medicine found that between 1989 and 2002, on average of six players per year became quadriplegic after an injury on the field. Even more alarming was the cause of these catastrophic injuries — spear tackling. Especially on a kickoff or punt return, the whole purpose is to just collide with your opponent, to take somebody out, notes Sama. And when you have athletes at the top of their game going full force, unfortunately these things happen. Is better equipment the answer? Yes and no. Responding to the growing concern over concussions on the field, helmet manufacturers have added aid bladders to cushion the head as well as support to the cheek, jaw and facemask areas. But nothing has yet been developed that can protect the spine, especially during a spear tackle. The newer helmets are not going to significantly change the stress the neck sees as a result of a top-of-the-head blow, Andrew Tucker, team doctor for the Baltimore Ravens, says. Right now, the prevention of these types of injuries lies in proper tackling technique. Thats much more important than anything we can do on the equipment side. Under pressure by current and retired NFL players, many of them suffering from disabilities for which they are demanding benefits, the NFL is also addressing the worrying rise in concussions. For the first time, all players were required to take neuropsychological tests by the start of the 2007 season. Doctors can then use these results to establish a baseline of cognitive abilities, memory and motor skills against which they can compare scores after a head injury. The league also added a concussion hotline that players can anonymously call if coaches are forcing them to play against medical advice. Such measures wont prevent catastrophic injuries on the gridiron, but they may help to keep them to a minimum. by TaboolaSponsored ContentFROM THE WEB The New Miss Israel reThink Israel 7 Flexible Degrees You Can Earn On The Wee†¦ Yahoo Education Little Known Way to Pay Off Mortgage One Smart Penny $6 Billion Vanishes From State Dept. 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How My Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife Essay Example for Free

How My Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife Essay My brother Leon was returning to Nagrebcan from far away Manila, bringing home his young bride who had been born and had grown up in the big city. Father would not accept her for a daughter-in-law unless he taught her worthy to live in Nagrebcan. Father devised an ingenious way to find out, and waited for the result. She stepped down from the carretela of Ca Celin with a quick, delicate grace. She was lovely. She was tall. She looked up to my brother with a smile, and her forehead was on a level with his mouth â€Å"You are Baldo. † She said and placed her hand lightly on my shoulder. Her nails were long, but they were not painted. She was fragrant like a morning when papayas are in bloom. And a small dimple appeared momentarily high up on her cheek. â€Å"And this is Labang, of whom I have heard so much. † She held the wrist of one hand with the other and looked at Labang, and Labang never stopped chewing his cud. He swallowed and brought up to his mouth more cud, and the sound of his inside was like a drum. I laid a hand on Labang’s massive neck and said to her: â€Å"You may scratch his forehead now. â€Å"She hesitated and I saw that her eyes were on the long curving horns. But she came and touched Labang’s forehead with her long fingers, and Labang never stopped chewing his cud except that his big eyes were half closed. And by and by, she was scratching his forehead very daintly. My brother Leon put down the two trunks on the grassy side of the road. He paid Ca Celin twice the usual fare from the station to the edge of Nagrebcan. Then he was standing beside us, and she turned to him eagerly. I watched Ca Celin, where he stood in front of his horse, and he ran his fingers through its forelock and could not keep his eyes away from her. Maria—â€Å" my brother Leon said. Read more:  How My Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife by Manuel Arguilla Essay He did not say Maring. He did not say Mayang. I knew then that he had always called her Maria; and in my mind I said, â€Å"Maria,† and it was a beautiful name. †Yes,Noel† Now where did she get that name? I pondered the matter quietly to myself, thinking Father might not like it. But it was only the name of my brother Leon said backwards, and it sounded much better that way. â€Å"There is Nagrebcan, Maria† my brother said gesturing widely toward the west. She moved close to him. And after a while she said quietly: You love Nagrebcan, don’t you, Noel? Ca Celin drove away hi-yi-ing to his horse loudly. At the bend of the camino real where the big duhat tree grew, he rattled the handle of his braided rattan whip against the spokes of the wheel. We stood alone on the roadside. The sun was in our eyes, for it was dipping into the bright sea. The sky was wide deep and very blue above us; but along the saw-tooth rim of the Katayaghan hills to the southwest flamed huge masses of clouds. Before us the fields swam in a golden haze through which floated big purple and red and yellow bubbles when I looked at the sinking sun. Labang’s white coat, which I had washed and brushed that morning with coconut husk, glistened like beaten cotton under the lamplight and his horns appeared tipped with fire. He faced the sun and from his mouth came a call so loud and vibrant that the earth seemed to tremble underfoot. And far way in the middle of the fields a cow lowed soflty in answer. â€Å"Hitch him to the cart, Baldo,† my brother Leon said, laughing and she laughed with him a bit uncertainly, and I saw he had put his arms around her shoulders. â€Å"Why does he make that sound? † she asked. â€Å"I have never heard the like of it. † â€Å"There is not another like it,† my brother Leon said. I have yet to hear another bull call like Labang. In all the world there is no other bull like him. † She was smiling at him, and I stopped in the act of tying the vinca across Labang’s neck to the opposite end of the yoke, because her teeth was very white, her eyes were so full of laughter, and there was a small dimple high up on her right cheek. â€Å"If you continue to talk about him like that, either I shall fall in love with him or become very jealous. † My brother Leon laughed and she laughed and they looked at each other and it seemed to me there was a world of laughter between them and in them. I climbed into the cart over the wheel and Labang would have bolted for he was always like that, but I kept firm hold on his rope. He was restless and would not stand still. , so that ny brother Leon had to say â€Å"Labang† again, my brother Leon lifted the trunks into the cart, placing the smaller one on top. She looked down once on her high heeled shoes, then she gave her left hand to my brother Leon, placed a foot on the hub of the wheel, and in one breath she had swung into the cart. Oh, the fragrance of her! But Labang was fairly dancing with impatience and it was all I could do to keep him from running away. Give us the rope, Baldo,† my brother Leon said. â€Å" Maria , set on the hay and hold on to anything. † Then he put a foot on the left shaft and that instant Labang leaped forward. My brother Leon laughed as he drew himself up to the top of the side of the cart and made the slack of the rope hiss above the back of Labang. The wind whistled against my cheeks and the rattling of the wheels on the pebbly road echoed in my ears. She sat up straight on the bottom of the cart, legs bent together to one side, her skirt spread over them so that only the toes and the heels of her shoes were visible. Her eyes were on my brother Leon’s back; I saw the wind on her hair. When Labang slowed down, my brother Leon handed me the rope. I knelt on the straw inside the cart and pulled on the rope until Labang was merely shuffling along, then I made him turn around. â€Å"What is it you have forgotten now, Baldo? † my brother Leon said. I did not say anything but tickled with my fingers the rump of Labang; and away we went back to where I had in hitched and waited for them. The sun had sunk and down from the wooded sides of the Katayaghan hills shadows were stealing into the fields. When I sent Labang down the deep cut that would take us to the dry bed of the Waig, which could be used as a path to our place during the dry season, my brother Leon laid a hand on my shoulder and said sternly: â€Å"Who told you to drive through the fields tonight? â€Å"His hand was heavy on my shoulder, but I did not look at him or utter a word until we were on the rocky bottom of the Waig. â€Å"Baldo, you fool, answer me before I lay the rope of Labang on you. Why do you follow the Waig instead of the Camino real? † His fingers bit into my shoulder. â€Å"Father- he told me to follow the Waig tonight, Manong. Swiftly his hand fell away from my shoulder and he reached for the rope of Labang. Then my brother Leon laughed, and he sat back, and laughing still, he said: â€Å"And I suppose Father also told you to hitch Labang to the cart and meet us with him instead of the Castano and the calesa. † Without waiting forn me to answer, he turned to her and said, â€Å"Maria, why do you think Father should do that, now? † He laughed and added, â€Å"Have you ever seen so many stars before? † I looked back and they were sitting side by side, leaning against the trunks, hands clasped across the knees. Seemingly but a man’s height above the tops of the steep banks of the Waig, hung the stars. But in the deep gorge the shadows had fallen heavily, and even the white of Labang’s coat was chirped from their homes in the cracks in the banks. The thick, unpleasant smell of dangla bushes and cooling sun-heated earth mingled with the clean, sharp scent of arrais roots exposed to the night air and of the hay inside the cart. â€Å"Look, Noel, yonder is our star! † Deep surprise and gladness were in her voice. Very low in the west, almost touching the ragged edge of the bank, was the star, the biggest and brightest in the sky. I have been looking at it,† my brother Leon said. â€Å"Do you remember how I would tell you that when you want to see stars you must come to Nagrebcan? †. â€Å"Yes, Noel,† she said. â€Å"Look at it she murmured, half to herself. â€Å"It is so many times bigger than it was at Ermita beach. †The air here is clean and free of dust smoke. † So it is Noel,† she said,drawing a long breath. â€Å"Making fun of me, Maria? â€Å"She laughed then, and they laughed together and she took my brother Leon’s hand and put it against her face. I stopped Labang, climbed down, and lighted the lantern that hung from the cart, and my heart sang. Now the shadows took fright and did not crowd so near. Clumps of andadasi and arias flashed into view and quickly disappeared as we passed by. Ahead, the elongated shadow of Labang bobbled up and down and swayed drunkenly from side to side, for the lantern rocked jerkily with the cart. â€Å"Have we far to go yet, Noel? † she asked. â€Å"Ask Baldo,† my brother Leon said,†we have been neglecting him. † â€Å"I am asking you, Baldo,†she said. Without looking back, I answered, picking my words slowly: â€Å"Soon we will get out of the Waig and pass into the fields. After the fields is home – Manang. â€Å"So near already. † I did not say anything more, because I did not know what to make of the tone of her voice as she said her last words. All the laughter seemed to have gone out of her. I waited for my brother Leon to say something, but he was not saying anything. Suddenly he broke out into song and the song was â€Å"Sky Sown with Stars† –the same that he and father sang when he cut hay in the fields of nights before he went away to study. He must have taught her the song because she joined him, and her voice flowed into him like a gentle stream meeting a stronger one. And each time the wheel encountered a big rock, a voice would catch in her throat, but my brother Leon would sing on, until, laughing softly, she would join him again. Then we were climbing out into the fields, and through the spokes of the wheels the light of the lantern mocked the shadows. Labang quickened his steps. The jolting became more frequent and painful as we crossed the low dikes. â€Å"But it is so very wide here,† she said. The light of the stars broke and scattered the darkness so that one could see far on every side, though indistinctly. You miss the houses, and the cars, and the people and the noise, don’t you? † My brother Leon stopped singing. â€Å"Yes, but in a different way. I am glad they are not here. † With difficulty, I turned Labang to the left, for he wanted to go straight on. He was breathing hard, but I knew he was more thirsty than tired. In a little while , we drove up the grassy side onto the camino real. â€Å"-you see,† my brother Leon was explaining, â€Å"the camino real curves around the foot of the Katayaghan hills and passes by our house. We drove through the fields, because- but I’ll be asking father as soon as we get home† â€Å"Noel,† she said. Yes, Maria. † â€Å"I am afraid. He may not like me. † â€Å"Does that worry you still, Maria? † my brother said. â€Å"From the way you talk, he might be an ogre, for all the world. Except when his leg that was wounded in the revolution is troubling him, Father is the mildest tempered, gentlest man I know. † We came to the house of Lacay Julian and I spoke to Labang loudly, but Moning did not come to the window, so I surmised she must be eating with the rest of her fam ily. And I thought of the food being made ready at home and my mouth watered. We met the twins, Urong and Celin, and I said â€Å" Hoy,† calling them by name. And they shouted back and asked if my brother Leon and his wife were with me. And my brother Leon shouted to them and then told me to make Labang run; their answers were lost in the noise of the wheels. I stopped Labang on the road before our house and would have gotten down, but my brother Leon took the rope and told me to stay in the cart. He turned Labang into the open gate and we dashed into our yard. I thought we would crash into the bole of the camachile tree, but my brother Leon reined in Labang in time. There was light downstairs in the kitchen, and Mother stood in the doorway, and I could see her smiling shyly. My brother Leon was helping Maria over the wheel. The first words that fell from his lips after he had kissed Mother’s hand were: â€Å"Father – where is he? † â€Å"He is in his room upstairs,† Mother said, her face becoming serious. â€Å"His leg is bothering him again. † I did not hear anything more because I had to go back to the cart to unhitch Labang. But I had hardly tied him under the barn when I heard Father calling me. I met my brother Leon going to bring up the trunks. As I passed through the kitchen, there were Mother and my sister Aurelia and Maria, and it seemed to me they were crying, all of them. There was no light in Father’s room. There was no movement. He sat in the big armchair by the eastern window, and a star shone directly though it. He was smoking, but he removed the roll of tobacco from his mouth when he saw me. He laid it carefully on the windowsill before speaking. â€Å"Did you meet anybody on the way? † â€Å"No, Father,† I said. â€Å"Nobody passes through the Waig at night. † He reached for his roll of tobacco and hitched himself up in the chair. â€Å"She is very beautiful, Father. â€Å"Was she afraid of Labang? † My father had not raised his voice, but the room seemed to resound with it. And again I saw her eyes on the long curving horns and the arm off my brother Leon around her shoulders. â€Å"No, Father, she was not afraid. † â€Å"On the way-â€Å"â€Å"She looked at the stars, Father And Manong Leon sang. † â€Å"What did he sing? † â€Å"Sky Sown with Stars. † She sang with him. He was silent again. I could hear the low voices of Mother and my sister Aurelia downstairs. There was also the voice of my brother Leon, and I thought that Father’s voice must have been like it when he was young. He had laid the roll of tobacco on the windowsill once more. I watched the smoke waver faintly upward from the lighted end and vanish slowly into the night outside. The door opened and my brother Leon and Maria came in. â€Å"Have you watered Labang? † Father spoke to me. I told him that Labang was resting yet under the barn. â€Å"It is time you watered him, my son. † My father said. I looked at Maria and she was lovely. She was tall. Beside my brother Leon, she was tall and very still. Then I went out, and in the darkened hall the fragrance of her was like a morning when papayas are in bloom.

Rhythmic Contractions And Relaxation Of Isolated Gut

Rhythmic Contractions And Relaxation Of Isolated Gut The isolated gut has a spontaneous activity with rhythmic contractions and relaxation of its smooth muscles. Various drugs that affect the smooth muscles by either direct or indirect stimulation were used (Day Vane 1963). These drugs were acetylcholine, atropine, adrenaline, noradrenaline and d-tubocurarine. Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter (Martini 2009, p. 304) that is released by a neuron and acts directly on the plasma membrane of another cell, in this case smooth muscles. It affects both the muscarinic and nicotinic receptors located on the smooth muscle membrane (Broadley Kelly 2001). The effects of acetylcholine on the muscarinic receptors can be identified by another drug, atropine (Broadley Kelly 2001). Atropine is an alkaloid found in several plants (Broadley Kelly 2001) and inhibits binding of acetylcholine to post synaptic membrane of smooth muscle cells (Martini 2009, p. 425). Adrenaline and noradrenaline are hormones released from the suprarenal glands and induce relaxation of the smooth muscles by binding to the adrenergic receptors. They are called catecholamines because of their structure (shown in figure 1). D-tubocurarine is an alkaloid drug derived from curare and is a neuromuscular nicotinic receptor antagonist1. It prevents acetylcholine from binding to the postsynaptic membrane of muscle fibres (martini 2009, p. 425). AIM The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effects of acetylcholine, atropine, adrenaline, noradrenaline and d-tubocurarine on the smooth muscles of the gut. MATERIALS AND METHODS Materials Transducer Heater Heat exchanger chart recorder experimental tissue (rat intestine) organ bath with carbogen-bubbled Krebs Henseleit solution at 37ËÅ ¡C drugs used in the experiment were: 1 mg/mL acetylcholine 1 mg/mL atropine 1 g/mL adrenaline 1mg/mL noradrenaline 1 mg/mL d-tubocurarine Methods At the start of the experiment, the transducer was calibrated using weights to allow conversion of the amount of displacement of the intestine into electrical signals which are then recorded. The amount of movement measured corresponds to the type of drug added. The experimental rat tissue that was dissected previously was supported in a 100 mL organ bath containing carbogen-bubbled Krebs Henseleit solution at 37ËÅ ¡C aerated with a mixture of 95% oxygen and 5% carbon dioxide. The tissue was anchored to the device that applied force to stretch the muscle until a steady rate of contraction was obtained. The force of contraction was then measured and converted to electrical signals which were recorded by the chart recorder. Some equilibration time was allowed for the preparation to stabilise its activity in the organ bath before starting the experiment. The smooth muscles of the tissue had spontaneous activity before the administration of any drug. The exact concentration and volu me of the drugs administered were then calculated to obtain the right concentration. A volume of 0.1ml of 1mg/mL of acetylcholine was first administered to the muscles and its effects were recorded. The organ bath was drained and refilled so as to resume its baseline activity. Three increments of 0.025 ml of 1mg/mL atropine were added to the organ bath periodically to see its effect on the smooth muscles. Another dose of 0.5 mL of 1mg/mL acetylcholine was added into the organ bath without draining and refilling. The effects were then observed on the chart recorder. The organ bath was drained and refilled again. 0.1mL of 1gm/mL adrenaline was added to the water bath. The organ bath was again drained and refilled. 0.1mL of 1mg/ml noradrenaline was added to the organ bath. The organ bath was again drained and refilled. 0.5mL of 1mg/mL acetylcholine was added and the effects were observed. The organ bath was again drained and refilled. 0.025 mL of 1 mg/mL d-tubocurarine was added to the water bath and the effects were recorded. Lastly without draining the organ bath, two increments of 0.5ml of 1mg/mL of acetylcholine was added at regular intervals and its effect was recorded. RESULTS Calculation of the volume of the drugs used: acetylcholine Original concentration C:Documents and Settings7168241Local SettingsTemporary Internet FilesContent.Word22032011079.jpg Figure 1: Experiment setup Table 1: Effect of the drugs administered on the smooth muscles of the gut Drug administered Effect on smooth muscle observed. Acetylcholine Increase in contraction rate Conductance and amplitude increased Atropine Decrease in contraction rate- muscle relaxes Decrease in amplitude, tone and frequency Adrenaline Large decrease in amplitude Effect was very strong ( alpha and beta receptors on smooth muscles) Noradrenaline Small decrease in amplitude ( it has alpha receptors) Acetylcholine Increase in contraction rate Conductance and amplitude increased D-tubocurarine No effect as the muscle tone remained constant Acetylcholine Increase in contraction rate Conductance and large increase in amplitude when first dose was added and slight decrease in the amplitude when second dose was added DISCUSSION The muscle had spontaneous activity before the addition of the drugs. They were self excitatory and depolarized without the addition of any drugs. WHY As observed in table 1, acetylcholine increased the rate of contraction in the smooth muscles. Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter released at the neurojunction of the nerve and the smooth muscles. Contraction of the smooth muscle achieved is due to acetylcholines effect on membrane permeability via the second messengers since it cant enter the cells interior. Acetylcholine binds to the muscarinic receptors and causes GTP binding to the alpha subunit of the G-protein. The GTP-bound alpha subunit activates the production of the second messengers by activating phosphoinosidase C (PIC). PIC hydrolyses phosphatidylinositol 4, 5-biphosphate which then forms inositol 1, 4, 5-triphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG). IP3 and DAG bind to the receptors on the sarcoplasm reticulum and cause the release of calcium ions into the intracellular f luid to initiate contraction of the muscle (Broadley Kelly 2001). Acetylcholine also causes the contraction of the smooth muscles by depolarizing the membrane directly via the nicotinic receptors. As seen in the table 1, adding atropine to the water bath caused decrease in the amplitude of the stimulus. This is due to the fact that atropine is a reversible competitive antagonist for acetylcholine at the muscarinic receptors. It has no effect on its binding on nicotinic receptors (Evers Maze 2004). It prevents acetylcholine that has built up at the neuromuscular junction from binding to the receptors and depolarizing the post synaptic membrane thus preventing the generation of an impulse in the cell. Acetylcholine produces a response when it binds to the receptors whereas atropine binds to the same receptors as acetylcholine without producing a response. It just makes the receptors unavailable for acetylcholine (Abel 1974, p.106). When another dose of acetylcholine was added to the water bath, the amplitude is seen increasing to a lower intensity than before atropine was added and transmission is restored and the muscle begins to contract. This is due to the fact that this new dose of acetylcholine displaces atropine from the receptors since it is a reversible antagonist. When adrenaline was added to the organ bath, the amplitude dropped by a large amount due to its combination with alpha and beta receptors on the smooth muscle. When noradrenaline was administered, the amplitude decreased was a small amount compared to the large drop in adrenaline. This small response obtained due to addition of noradrenaline is due to its sensitivity to alpha receptors only. Combination of noradrenaline with alpha receptors increases the K efflux and influx in depolarized smooth muscle (Bulbring 1970, p.286). This increase in K conductance caused an increase in membrane permeability and inhibited depolarization. Adrenaline caused the relaxation of the smooth muscles coupled with hyperpolarization of the membrane as a result of increase of potassium ions. The action of the sympathetic transmitters; adrenaline and noradrenaline involved direct action via the alpha and bet a receptors (Paton Vizi 1969). Acetylcholine added again resulted in high increase in the amplitude, which decreased gradually. D-tubocurarine added to the organ bath had no effect on the contraction of the muscle as it maintained a constant tone. Lastly the acetylcholine added resulted in an increase in the amplitude. This observation agreed with the expected result. It was expected for the amplitude to be constant since there wasnt any acetylcholine in the organ bath for d-tubocurarine to replace. A spike in the amplitude was observed when acetylcholine was added. Acetylcholine replaced d-tubocurarine from the nicotinic receptors and restores the transmission of the stimulus2. This shows that the neuromuscular transmission block produced by d-tubocurarine is abolished when acetylcholine is added (Bradley 1989, p.47). CONCLUSION It was found that both adrenaline and noradrenaline affect the smooth muscles via alpha and beta receptors and produce a similar effect that is relaxation. Adrenaline is more potent than noradrenaline since it utilizes both alpha and beta receptors while the other one only affects beta receptors. Acetylcholine is an excitatory neurotransmitter that causes contraction of smooth muscles via both nicotinic and muscarinic receptors. Atropine is a competitive antagonist of acetylcholine on the muscarinic receptors. D-tubocurarine is a mu

SWOT-Analysis Essay -- essays research papers

Situation Analysis (SWOT Analysis) The following SWOT analysis captures the strengths and weakness within Dragon Biotech and the opportunities and threats that exist in our environment. This analysis highlights areas to be leveraged and points out where we must improve within the firm and within our industry and market. As we look at our SWOT analysis to follow, we are in a sustainable overall position, we have strengths to balance our weaknesses, and particularly our knowledge of where we are heading for and what our customers need. We also have some attractive opportunities. However, we have a weakness in competiting against price-oriented competition from both local and international brand names. Strengths: Dragon Biotech's strengths include: Ø  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Strong business model embracing both generic and proprietary drug development. Ø  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Proven proprietary technology platform that outperforms competitors' methods. Ø  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Solid financial position with established cash flow. Ø  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Flagship product, EPO, achieved remarkable revenue growth in a US$4,8 billion market. Ø  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Unique marketing strategy to penetrate geographic areas with quick drug approvals. Ø  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Experienced well-connected management team and board of directors. Ø  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Captured 30% of EPO market share in china, endorsed by Chinese medical Ass...

Censorship Online :: essays research papers

Censorship Online There is a section of the American populace that is slowly slithering into the spotlight after nearly two decades in clandestine. Armed with their odd netspeak, mouses, glowing monitors, and immediate access to a world of information, both serious and amateur Hackers alike have at last come out of the computer lab and into mainstream pop culture. Since I despise pleading ignorant about anything, I chose to read Mr. McDonalds article because of its minutia concerning the future of the more amusing aspect of computing: the game. This article is relevant because whether we like it or not, the PC (personal computer) is only going to grow in popularity and use, and the best weapon against the abuse of this new gee-whiz technology is to be educated about it. It is simply amazing how far gaming has come in the past decade. We have gone from stick figures on a blank screen to interactive movies. The PC is the newest way to play because it has the capability to process and display much more complex games than anything by Nintendo or Sega. Some problems with this, however, are the enormous cost of s descent system and software and the technology that moves at lightning speed. The computer you buy tomorrow will not be able to handle any of the new software two years from now. Owners must not only keep up with the new trends but must also be well aware of what their own system can sustain so that they do not overload it and cause it to crash. This article focuses on interactive video, which is a relatively new field in the gaming industry. The games that have been on the market have not lived up to the bombardment of advertising gamers have been subjected to. The video itself is often choppy and blurry, it rarely enhances the plot of the game, and has yet to be truely interactive. This is because it is not part of a movies nature to mingle with the audience. New software consumers should be aware of this before shelling out $60-$80 for an over-hyped game.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This article offers the titles of the few good interactive games that have hit the shelves this year as well as a list of ones to avoid. It also describes several of the video cards (special flat chips that can be inserted into the back of your machine to help it process data) that you would have to

Lemurs in Madagascar Assignment Essay

What are Madagascar’s biomes? Discuss the major features of at least one of these biomes. Use the textbook for biome examples. Madagascar is a tropical rainforest, rain forest savanna and grasslands. The rain forest receives 120 inches of rain at least a year. It has very wet and dense vegetation within the trees. Anywhere from 70 plus percent of animal life lives in the trees. It is filled with lakes, river, swamps and a wide variety of different terrain. There is an overabundance of green plant life that strives on the heavy rains received each year. The forest floor is full of nutrients which the large tree strive on giving the canopy effects and which houses so much plant and animal life. 2. What changes happening in Madagascar are posing challenges for lemurs? Give details about the sources, time scale, and types of change. All the time the environment is changing by people moving in and getting more populated. As people come into a new area they may alter a Lemurs normal route or main food supply in the area by cutting down a certain tree such as bamboo. 3. Which types of lemurs are adapting to the changes? Which types of lemurs are not adapting well? Why? The less vulnerable lemurs are good at adapting to a secondary environment with people. The vulnerable or endangered lemurs are having hard time moving and settling into a new food source or habitat which is causing them to go  extinct faster. Ringtail lemurs can adapt and defiantly go to multiple environments. 4. What behavioral and physical traits are being favored in lemurs in the changing Madagascar environment? People are studying lemurs to find out if you can teach other lemurs certain straight so that can adapt to a new type of environment. Such as eating habitats and what they eat. How the move and migrate from place to place. 5. Why might lemurs not evolve to adapt to the changes in Madagascar? They may not never adapt due to the constant changes in the environment nonstop. Some lemurs can adapt with evolution over hundreds of year but with humans within a few years they can destroy an entire habitat along with food sources within a year. The constant changes always leave the lemurs on their toes. Constantly roaming from one place to another 6. Which biogeochemical cycles may be altered by anthropogenic activities on Madagascar, and how? Many things may be altered such as the soils and living organisms by people moving into the new areas in such a rapid rate. What toll does this take on the environments such as global warming and pollutants in that areas now? What do the changes in the smaller spectrum of things do to the overall climate? Reference â€Å"Lemurs in Madagascar: Surviving on an Island of Change.† Films Media Group, 2006. Films On Demand.

Legislation, policies and procedures in relation to health and social care Essay

Legislation is defined as the processor act of making law or a set of laws by the governing body of the country. They are set in place in every work setting to ensure the health and safety of the people within the area. Without these laws there would be many accidents that could harm both the employee and employer. Safety (General food hygiene) Regulations 1995 This act ensures that all food is handled correctly, the area where food is prepared must be clean, hands must be watched, hair should be covered and separate work areas should be used to prevent contamination of cooked and raw food. Following this regulation is especially important in health and social care settings such as schools, where young children are especially vulnerable to illness. All equipment, such as chopping boards and knives should be cleaned after every use to prevent contamination. Food staff should be well trained and know that food should stored and packed separately to prevent contamination. The Safety Regulation act simply enforces that all food should be prepared, stored and transported as safely and as hygienically possible. Food Safety Act 1990 The food safety act of 1990 ensures that all food is not tampered with anyway that could damage the health of people eating it, and that all food is labelled, advertised and presented in a way that is not false or misleading. This act prevents people from selling food that is not regularly eaten, it also protects the values of many people and agrees with many religious beliefs, it ensures that all food is sold with a label that states exactly what it is, for example; a butcher is not allowed to label his meat as halal if it is not halal meat. Without this regulation people could be sold food that could infect a customer with food poisoning. Fire Evacuation The Fire evacuation policy states that all public buildings have accessible fire alarms so that in the event of a fire the whole building can be alerted  and evacuated. As soon as the fire is discovered the Fire Evacuation Policy states that the fire department and medical services be called by the countries national emergency number (999 in the UK). In many schools and other work settings there are fire drills every few weeks to ensure that the children/employees are aware of the evacuation procedure. Upon hearing the fire alarm, students/employees leave the building as quickly, quietly and organised as possible, the policy states that the last person out of the room should make sure the room is locked and lights turned off to alert everyone that the room has already been cleared. As the building is being evacuated people should be directed to their designated assembly points, these assembly points are normally large open areas where the fire is not easily spread to. Storage and dispensing of medicines The main objective of this policy is to ensure safe and effective systems for the supply, storage and administration of drugs throughout the work setting and to ensure the health and wellbeing of service users. This policy ensures that all medicines are stored correctly according to instruction, as medicine that has deteriorated could potentially be life threatening. This policy is very important in work settings such as schools and hospitals, because it states that all stocks of medicine are kept to a certain minimum for routine needs and unforeseeable emergencies. The policy also ensures that all medicine is regularly restocked and any unused medicine which has reached its expiration date should be disposed of at once. This is to prevent people from getting what could be even more life threatening illness’. Cleaning Cleaning is an important part of life as it ensures that any harmful bacteria/substances are removed from the body/facility. Cleaning is especially important in work place settings such as schools and hospitals. In schools, children tend to drop things and leave things on the floor without thinking of the consequences, this can cause to problems such as tripping and falling which can cause serious injury. Public facilities should be cleaned regularly everyday to prevent the spread of illness/disease. For example in a public library, all computers should be  kept clean as many people use them without washing their hands. Keeping a clean home is also just as important as keeping public places clean, as it provides a clean and bacteria-free environment. Cleaning is also a display of personal hygiene, by taking a shower everyday and brushing our teeth twice a day. Health and Safety at Work act 1974. This act states is set in every work place and is set to ensure maximum safety of both employee/employer. The health and safety act prevents people from bringing in potentially harmful items and substances (such as weapons and drugs). This act enforces all legislations and acts, it provides the employees and employers and anyone else a safe environment to work in – this means that any machinery or equipment is carefully checked through before and after use. Employers must also do thorough background checks about the person as well as doing a CRB check with the government. This act requires checks such as risk assessment to take place, in a school, the teacher must make sure that the floor is clear of any debris that could potentially trip up or make someone fall. Risk assessment is a key factor in this act as it is the quickest method of identifying and removing risks.

Reasons for Devotion to Hindu Goddesses

Reasons for devotion to Hindu goddesses Hinduism portrays feminine divinity in a more exalted way than most other religions do. Though Hindu goddesses are usually depicted as consorts, wives or companions to a Hindu god, cases exist in which they are worshipped independently; Tantrism for example, where it is believed that women posses more spiritual power than men, thus men can achieve divinity through union with a woman (â€Å"Tantrism†).Most villages reinforce the mother aspect of goddesses and worship them individually as their protector, regarding them as having originated in the area and thus being tied to the health and prosperity of the village (Caldwell). Others who may devote themselves to a goddess might be in order to conquer or flourish in a particular area, like how someone who wishes to achieve higher wisdom would praise Sarasvati, goddess associated with learning. Many scholars question the origins of goddess worship, and it is argued that they most probably em erged in the Indus Valley civilization (2500-1500 B. C.E). The civilization, relying mainly on agriculture, likely worshipped female earth deities that represented fertility, regeneration, life and death, to aid in their harvests (Erndl 19). Scenes depicted in their seals also pointed to the fact that the Indus Valley people were perhaps â€Å"goddess-revering† (McDermott 3608). Some people have raised the point of feminism as a notion of commitment to a Hindu goddess, as goddesses that appear strong and independent exist in Hinduism, which is virtually unseen in other prominent religions. A popular question is then raised, â€Å"Is the Goddess a Feminist? Rita Gross acknowledges the difficulty of a concrete answer to the question, and responds with an ‘It depends’. She proposes that the answer lies in the definition of feminist that the person might have, and how the Goddess’s devotees are. The idea is simple enough; if the believer is feminist, then the y will worship their goddess as if they were feminist as well. If the believer is not feminist, then they will worship their goddess as if they were not feminist. She states that â€Å". . . gods and goddesses are created by devotees . . . † (104).Gross’s statement rings true, especially when we examine much of the confusion shrouding Kali. Kali is almost always depicted as having black skin, a near naked body, long, disheveled hair and a long, lolling tongue. She wears ghastly adornments like a necklace made from human heads, and her fangs are long and usually dripping with blood. Her illustrations are mainly intimidating, making her appear wild and uncontrollable nearly perpetually. She is, however, a popular deity to worship in Tantrism, and is revered as the highest deity, above Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva.Millions regard her as Mother, and aspire to overcome the fear of death through confrontation. Kali’s origins are believed to have their roots in South Asia, where she was apparently worshipped through rituals and blood sacrifices. O’Flaherty distinguishes a figure, a demoness, in early Sanskrit literature called Long-Tongue, who he points to conceivably being a more ancient form of Kali. The first time the name Kali appears in texts is in Mundaka Upanisad, however, not as a goddess but as a tonguelike flame of sacrificial fire.The first mention of a goddess with the same name is in the Mahabharata, who appears in the dreams of warriors to give them a warning of death. However, it is through her later appearances in the Devimahatmya that Kali is brought closer into Hindu religion (Kripal 156). She is said to have sprouted when Durga, angered by the asuras who pointed their weapons at her, turned into an inky black color on her forehead and summons Kali. Kali then proceeds to kill all the asuras in a frenzied manner, later offering the heads of their leaders Chanda and Munda to Durga.Her second appearance is in the follow chapter, where she battles Raktabija, and assures success by sucking all of his blood so he could not reproduce anymore, per Durga’s command, while she slayed him (â€Å"Devimahatmya† ch. 7-8). Another myth ties Kali with Parvati, telling of an army of demons that threatens the safety of the world. Men cannot slay them, and so Shiva calls for his wife to aid them in battle. Parvati accepts the responsibility, swallowing the poison stored in Shiva’s throat and morphing into Kali.However, she becomes too drunk with the poison and, after defeating all the demons, threatens to destroy the world herself with her berserk dance. In an attempt to subdue his wife, Shiva then lays on the floor in front of Kali, who in her delirious state does not notice his presence and steps on him. Shamed that she had showed such disgraceful behavior, she bites her tongue in humiliation. The last scene of the above tale is illustrated in a lot of imagery, and while the tale itself has a lot of variations, many Hindus will arrive at the same resolution.It is in this perception that many contradictions lie. Another question rises, â€Å"What does Kali’s tongue-biting really mean? † Most Hindus will claim that it is to show shame, which is what the action means in Bengali culture, however the meaning behind the action might seem unlikely since Kali, who was previously interpreted as always being wild and threatening, that is, sporting qualities that an ‘ideal wife’ should not posses, was suddenly showing a submissive nature, ashamed of having disrespected her husband.From a Tantric view, Kali is mentioned to be standing on Shiva because she is engaging in reversed sexual intercourse with him, and â€Å"delighting in the waves of passion and arousal that flow from such an act. † It is evident that the feeling shame is rather unreasonable given the situation mentioned. Furthermore, a reading from Mishra of the Tantric reading suggests that, as Kali dances around madly, Shiva sleeps on the floor in front of her in an attempt to calm her and, In her blinded anger she did not see him and stepped on his chest.At that moment Siva’s penis became erect and entered Kali. At that instant Kali recognized her husband and pulled out her tongue in ecstasy and her anger disappeared. (Kripal 161) The above poses a wholly different view on the widely-known myth, and while it might not surely accept or reject any view, it inspires doubt on the real occurrence of the tale. Having explained the confusion around Kali’s popular myth and notorious tongue, a common misconception is brought to light which may or may not be the product of ‘believers believing what they want to believe’.Hinduism, having being shaped by a patriarchal society, might have sparked the want to dilute the image of the powerful and popular goddess Kali into one more acceptable for its community. An additional myth, telling of how Shiva defeats Kali in a dance match and succeeds in subduing her, resulting in her being more docile and calmer, doesn’t add up to the rest of the story around them as Kali is more often than not depicted as a wife that constantly provokes and encourages disruptive behavior from her husband (Kinsley 122).However, bringing up another point by Gross, she mentions, But, in the long run, if the goddesses’ devotees are feminists, then the goddesses will either come to be seen as feminists or will be abandoned by their feminist devotees. (104) It is plausible to arrive to the conclusion from the above stated that, if the religion a person follows does not satisfy or reflect their personal beliefs as well, they will abandon it; it is common sense.It should be mentioned as well that Hinduism is, rather than a single religion, a family of religions that are closely related to each other. Therefore, it should be plausible to assume that perhaps, the previously mentioned contradictory myths m ight be a result of this; that is, an effort to try to infuse one’s own beliefs into their religion to make it more acceptable to themselves. Looking and inspecting the gaps and problems in the religion can tell a lot about its believers’ culture and thinking.Having covered Kali’s disorder of facts, one can infer that Hindus probably place great importance in correct conduct of their wives, and the goddesses in their religion serve as a model for Hindu women to follow if they wish to be wed. Examples such as Parvati and Sarasvati can be mentioned, both portrayed as ideal, submissive wives to their partners, serving as counterbalances. Hindu gods and goddesses are sometimes portrayed as equals, and rather than husband and wife, they are shown to be male and female counterparts of the same being.The goddesses are by no means weak and disrespected; they are strong and revered, but their personalities inspire different, subtle ideas into their people. However, the i dea of whether or not something is ‘correct’ or ‘erroneous’ is highly subjective, and while Western feminists might argue on the essentials that a woman must possess in order to be well off, it is not the same for Hindu women who are the target of the religion, and for them the Hindu goddesses provide them a positive model to follow, and with it, psychological comfort which is important (Gross 106).

Critical Analysis on Clinical Supervision in Schools

The purpose of this study is to present the definition of clinical supervision and some basic concepts that are currently being used in the clinical supervision of public schools today. By having a clearer understanding of these definitions and concepts, prospective supervisors in public education will be better equipped to do their jobs. A situation has occurred due to the ever-increasing demand for supervisors in public education today in which those entering supervisory positions may not be properly equipped to supervise. This is primarily due to the fact that they may not understand all that is expected of them. To use economic terminology, the â€Å"demand is exceeding the supply†. As a result, supervisors may be placed into supervisory positions without a clear understanding of some definitions and concepts which have come into the realm of education fairly recently. Supervisors cannot do their jobs effectively if they are not properly educated in the roles and responsibilities of the clinical supervisor. The following study may serve as a review of some current definitions and concepts. The earliest supervisors in America's schools were often nothing more than overly critical â€Å"snoops† whose main job was to find what a teacher was doing wrong and report it to the teacher's superiors. Today we refer to this type of supervisor as a â€Å"snoopervisor†. It was more likely that a teacher would receive a reprimand or dismissal as a result of those supervisory visits. The role of the school supervisor has changed drastically from the humble beginnings of America's schools. Our public school system has gone through many different stages of development. Likewise, our educational supervisors have evolved as well. Since our public school system has gone through so many changes, (and continues to do so), a clear understanding of the responsibilities of clinical supervision is needed in order to properly prepare those wishing to serve in that capacity. Today's supervisors must know what is expected of them and some of the more current methods and concepts being used in clinical supervision. The research information in this study is limited to the study of school supervisors in the public school system. This study focused on supervisors who oversee the grade levels of Kindergarten through the 12th grade of high school. This study does focus on supervisors of colleges or other secondary educational institutions although much of this information may apply in those areas as well. It is, therefore, the primary goal of this study to collect, compile, and organize information that will help to prepare those wishing to serve as school supervisors so that they may better understand some of the terminology and concepts in clinical supervision. One of the more common roles of today's school supervisor is that of providing teachers with the support they need to become better teachers. Today's supervisor must be a coach or mentor, a â€Å"teacher's teacher†, so to speak. Where supervisors once tore down teachers and criticized them, today they build up teachers and edify them. The first use of the term â€Å"clinical supervision† was in 1961 when Morris Cogan used it in a proposal entitled Case Studies and Research in Clinical Supervision at Harvard University. Cogan defined clinical supervision in the following way: â€Å"Clinical supervision may therefore be defined as the rationale and practice designed to improve the teacher's classroom performance. It takes its principal data from the events of the classroom. The analysis of these data and the relationship between teacher and supervisor form the basis of the program, procedures, and strategies designed to improve the student's learning by improving the teacher's classroom behavior.† From Cogan's definition of clinical supervision we can see that the emphasis is on improvement of the teacher's performance. This makes the role of today's supervisor more of a supportive role. With that definition in mind, how can supervisors help teachers to become better teachers? What can supervisors do to improve the educational system in which they work? In the following study are a few examples of contemporary practices and concepts being utilized today to answer those questions. First of all, supervisors are concerned with the quality of teachers they have in their school and school system. It is the job of supervisors to make sure that the teachers working in their school system are the best teachers possible, and that they are working to the best of their ability. Once teachers have been selected and hired, they must know that the supervisor is there to support them and help them to improve their teaching skills. In an article in Educational Digest, Thomas Harvey and Larry Frase put it this way: â€Å"Coaching is not an option for school leaders but a basic function, along with counseling, mentoring, tutoring, confronting, and supporting. All of these will increase the commitment to quality and productivity.† This simply means that supervisors must engage the teachers (as well as themselves) in a never-ending process of improvement. That means keeping up with current changes in teaching styles and curriculum. Supervisors must be willing to set an example for teachers by showing that they are also willing to make changes in the way that they do things. Now that we are in a new millenium in education we see the education system in a state of constant change. Everything we do changes regularly. Teaching styles, the equipment that we use in schools, and even the schools themselves continuously go through new stages of development. It is no longer acceptable to simply achieve and maintain a status quo. Supervisors must recognize this and always be ready to lead their teachers into the future and new ways of educating students. The first way supervisors must lead their teachers is to make sure that they are aware of the legal aspects of education. In a recent article in Education magazine the authors said, â€Å"First on the list of all things a beginning teacher must do is to learn the policies of the school system and local school. A teacher who is legally challenged by a parent will receive support from the board of education when the teacher's actions follow policy†. For this reason, supervisors should tell their beginning teachers that board policies and the school handbook are required reading. Once this has been concluded, supervisors can move on to the matter of teacher evaluation. One method being used by many supervisors to evaluate and support new teachers is the peer support method. This concept has been touted as a promising way to build a teacher's sense of professionalism. Margaret Johnson and Lucy Brown described one study in which teachers in a large elementary school with about 42 teachers were organized into collegial support teams (CSTs) to ,†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦supervise their teaching performance and promote their professional growth.†. Many of the teachers involved in the study said that it created,†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦a â€Å"safe zone† in which they could admit shortcomings and work to improve their practice.†. This method follows the philosophy that the best people to evaluate the performance of teachers in a particular school system are other teachers in the same school system. This method is becoming very popular. Sometimes the path into the future of a school system may not be clear and narrow. There may be many different directions the supervisor may have to choose from. While discussing teachers who pursue positions in administration, Roberta Bernstein writes: â€Å"The position of curriculum developer requires working in teams and reporting to the central office. While following the directions of your superiors, you will also want to provide teachers with a curriculum that excites them. It's a balancing act.† Indeed, supervisors must often let their own preferences fall by the wayside in order to reach the compromise that is the best, overall solution for a situation. One driving motivator behind the decision-making process should always be â€Å"What is the best thing for the students?† The same thing holds true when evaluating teachers. Unfortunately, sometimes supervisors realize that a teacher just isn't performing at the minimal level necessary to remain in the system. Even after working very hard to help a teacher come up to the required standard of teaching to remain in their position, the supervisor asks â€Å"What is the best thing for the students?† and realizes that a replacement may be what is needed. There are many different reasons for teachers becoming marginal. In an article in Education Digest Don L. Fuhr identifies three categories of teachers who become â€Å"marginal†: â€Å"First is the helpless marginal teacher who doesn't grasp the basic techniques of effective teaching. It may be because of poor training or of good training never absorbed. Second is the teacher with a pressing personal problem, the more common ones being serious illness of a loved one, marital problems, or financial difficulties. The third and most difficult type is the hardheaded marginal teacher who has developed ‘an attitude'. † Regardless of the reason for a teacher becoming marginal, encouragement is the key to trying to help them improve. Supervisors must be willing to advise and help them. First, the teacher must be made aware of the specific problem. Then, a strategy can be developed for dealing with the problem. Sometimes, the best time for strategies to be developed is after a classroom observation. According to C.H. Van der Linde, â€Å"The follow-up discussion sometimes provides the most important situation for the collection of further data, because the teachers are now in a situation where they are able to explain their behavior.† Van der Linde goes on to say, â€Å"The teacher should be encouraged to give attention to both strong points and deficiencies. Remedies that are realistic should be discussed and steps to promote continuing professional growth should be outlined.† Some people, such as Francis Duffy, feel that we in education are going about staff development all wrong. Ms. Duffy says, † Even though we understand that school districts function essentially as systems, we persists in trying to improve schools one teacher at a time.† According to Ms. Duffy's Knowledge Work Supervision model, teaching would be improved by focusing on the performance of the entire school system rather than just individual teachers. One thing is certain, no matter what model of evaluation or development a supervisor uses, it is still inevitable to occasionally come across marginal teachers which fail to meet minimal standards no matter what the supervisor does to try to help them improve. One possible contributing factor to this situation is stress. Education, and particularly educational administration, are very high-stress professions. Clinical supervisors should encourage personal responsibility for stress management. Articulation of the expectation that individuals are to take the responsibility for control of their own stress levels also validates personal inclinations to do the same.

An Evaluation on Target Corporation and Wal-Mart Stores

An in-depth comparison of two corporations: Target and Wal-Mart. This paper examines the large store discount general merchandise market through the comparison of Target Corporation and Wal-Mart Stores. The paper is packed with facts and statistic on the corporations investments, bank loans and markets. The papers author asks the question of which company is best to invest in and who is the better employer. This paper is written in outline format with a clear and direct method of presenting information. Table of Contents The Large-Store Discount General Merchandise Market Investment Decisions Lending Decisions Employer Overview Of Target Corporation and Wal-Mart Stores, Inc Investment Decisions Employment Appendix Bibliography Outline 1. The companies being analyzed are Target Corporation and Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. They are general merchandise retailers. They compete in the large-store general merchandise market, especially in the discount store segment and the US geographic market. 1.1. Target Corporations Store Brands in multiple formats are Target, Super Target, Mervyns, Marshall Fields, Target Direct and Target Visa. Target operates 1409 stores in 47 states in the United States and is currently the No.3 discount retailer in the US market. 1.2. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc has several Store Brands: Wal-Mart currently operates 2295 Wal-Mart Discount Stores; 1521 Supercenters; 564 Sams Clubs and 34 Neighbourhood Markets in 9 countries outside the US Argentina; Brazil; Canada; China; Germany; South Korea; Mexico; Puerto Rico; United Kingdom. Wal-Mart is today the worlds largest retailer (and company measured by revenue) and occupies the No.1 position in the US General Merchandise Retail Market.

Critically evaluate the use of non-probability samples in management Essay

Critically evaluate the use of non-probability samples in management research. In what circumstances should non-probability samp - Essay Example A correctly premeditated probability sample, however, offers a reliable means of gathering information. This is in regards to a population without investigating every member or section (Hawkins, 2001). Frequently, researchers are employed under strict time restraints, which make conducting a survey cumbersome. For example, national polling companies frequently must deliver information on the nation's perceptions of recent events or matters. These polling firms have a habit of limiting their national sample magnitudes to roughly 1,500 respondents. When appropriately conducted, a probability model of this magnitude provides trustworthy information. This information is usually believed to have a very small border of error for the entire population. A probability sample inclines to be more problematic and costly to facilitate. Nevertheless, probability samples exist as the only sort of samples where the outcomes can be comprehended. This is usually from the sample to the inhabitants. Add itionally, probability samples permit the researcher to analyse the accuracy of the approximations acquired from the sample and to stipulate the sampling miscalculation. Nonprobability samples, on the other hand, do not tolerate the study's findings to be comprehensive, that is from the sample to the population. ... This type of sample procedure can be used effectively when the management has no access, or the list of departments under study are not stipulated. For example, in situations where there is no list of departments who prefer a certain issue over the other. In situations where the target population is hard to be identified or very specific (for example, executive directors hired by major companies), this type of sampling method is the most appropriate to be used. In the circumstances the sampling base is not necessary, non-probability sampling is the most widely used type of sampling. Moreover, this type of sampling is less expensive when compared to random ones, in addition, it allows the researchers gain the results quicker than random (Olsen, 2005). This is vital in the management industry because time is money. The less time used and the degree of accuracy obtained is what most businesses are usually after. As a result, this sample method is most utilized when the research topic is difficult. On the contrary, as more units are added into the sample arbitrarily, the probabilities of the researchers to access the sample is drastically reduced hence cannot be calculated. This might generate a distorted sample hence disadvantageous to the researcher. Moreover, because of the style of unit sampling from the sample, no guarantee exist to the notion that all the simple units of people have the chance to reach the sample. In general, the benefit of nonprobability sampling is the comfort in which it can be directed. Nonprobability samples have a habit of being less complex and less time consuming when compared to probability samples. As a result, if the researcher has no purpose of simplifying

Coral Reefs , bleaching Coral reefs, tolearance , affected , different Essay

Coral Reefs , bleaching Coral reefs, tolearance , affected , different kinds which one most affected due to climate changes .. e - Essay Example A coral reef may be made up of a large number of species and several of the universe’s most diverse and dense populations of vertebrate animals. It is unfortunate that extremely minimal residual coral reefs highlight this immaculate situation (Hoegh-Guldberg, 1999). Moreover, on most, fishes and corals are much less plentiful than they were a few years ago. This paper will look at coral reefs and how they are or will be impacted by climate change. Wholesome coral reefs are eclipsed by a number of forms of reef-building corals, which stuff the position of trees in a forest, by developing the actual structure of the reef, supporting numerous animals and plants. Ecologists term trees, corals, and additional organisms, for example, oysters, which develop habitats as base species and understand that their extinction can be disastrous for the ecosystem and the community that surrounds them. In addition, the configuration established by corals over the years gives complicated harbors in which creatures can seek cover from hunters. When corals become extinct, the number of reef fish rapidly diminishes, largely because of the lack of sections for fingerlings to exist as they move away from their habitat and inhabit on the reef where they will live for the rest of their lives (Andrefouet, Mumby, McField, Hu, & Muller-Karger, 2002). For instance, the fish species were largely affected by coral loss because of sedimentation run-off and ocean warming from the switch of forest to oil palm farms, in Papua New Guinea. The ocean surface temperatures and the warmer air caused by climate change has an effect on corals and change coral reef populations by changing ocean chemistry and triggering coral bleaching. These effects have an impact on corals and the large numbers of creatures that utilize coral reefs as their habitation. Coral reefs coat a region of approximately 280,000 square kilometers and offer support for a number of species in what can be termed as the seasâ⠂¬â„¢ rainforests. Coral reefs have a number of benefits to the people and environment in several ways. For instance, coral reefs offer protection for shores from the effect of storms and waves; they give benefits to human beings in the form of medicine and food; they offer financial benefits to native societies from tourism (Jones, 2004). Climate change causes bleaching in coral reefs. Bleaching illustrates the deficiency of symbiotic algae by a host or the coral. A large component of the pigment in the regularly bright corals is dependent on the existence of these plant cells. The living tissue of coral reefs is usually translucent without several components. Moreover, bleaching is a common reaction that may be caused either by low or high temperatures, in the laboratory, changes in salinity, intense light, or by additional chemical or physical stresses. Bleaching is the severe condition of natural variation that is present in a large number of coral reefs (Baker, 2001). Extra hum id temperatures caused by climate change strain corals because they are extremely responsive to temperature changes. In situations where water temperatures remain higher than standard for a long period, the elements they are dependent on for several of their nutrition escape their tissue. Without these elements, corals coral reefs lose their color. This is because the elements provide color for the coral reefs. Bleac